EC 1.1.1.1 to EC 1.1.1.50
EC 1.1.1.51 to EC 1.1.1.100
EC 1.1.1.101 to EC 1.1.1.150
EC 1.1.1.151 to EC 1.1.1.200
EC 1.1.1.201 to EC 1.1.1.250
EC 1.1.1.251 to EC 1.1.1.300
Accepted name: D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-arabitol 1-phosphate + NAD+ = D-xylulose 5-phosphate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): APDH; D-arabitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase; D-arabitol 5-phosphate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: D-arabitol-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme participates in arabitol catabolism. The enzyme also converts D-arabitol 5-phosphate to D-ribulose 5-phosphate at a lower rate [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Povelainen, M., Eneyskaya, E.V., Kulminskaya, A.A., Ivanen, D.R., Kalkkinen, N., Neustroev, K.N. and Miasnikov, A.N. Biochemical and genetic characterization of a novel enzyme of pentitol metabolism: D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem. J. 371 (2003) 191-197. [PMID: 12467497]
Accepted name: 2,5-diamino-6-(ribosylamino)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate reductase
Reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + NAD(P)+ = 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + NAD(P)H + H+
For diagram of reaction click here
Other name(s): 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate reductase; MjaRED; MJ0671 (gene name)
Systematic name: 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction proceeds in the opposite direction. A step in riboflavin biosynthesis, NADPH and NADH function equally well as reductant. Differs from EC 1.1.1.193 [5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase] since it does not catalyse the reduction of 5-amino-6-ribosylaminopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione 5'-phosphate [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Graupner, M., Xu, H. and White, R.H. The pyrimidine nucleotide reductase step in riboflavin and F420 biosynthesis in archaea proceeds by the eukaryotic route to riboflavin. J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 1952-1957. [PMID: 11889103]
2. Chatwell, L., Krojer, T., Fidler, A., Romisch, W., Eisenreich, W., Bacher, A., Huber, R. and Fischer, M. Biosynthesis of riboflavin: structure and properties of 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate reductase of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. J. Mol. Biol. 359 (2006) 1334-1351. [PMID: 16730025]
Accepted name: diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming]
Reaction: (R)-acetoin + NAD+ = diacetyl + NADH + H+
Other name(s): (R)-acetoin dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (R)-acetoin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in the reverse direction. This activity is usually associated with butanediol dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.1.1.4 or EC 1.1.1.76). While the butanediol dehydrogenase activity is reversible, diacetyl reductase activity is irreversible. This enzyme has been reported in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1,2]. Different from EC 1.1.1.304, diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Heidlas, J. and Tressl, R. Purification and characterization of a (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch. Microbiol. 154 (1990) 267-273. [PMID: 2222122]
2. Gonzalez, E., Fernandez, M.R., Larroy, C., Sola, L., Pericas, M.A., Pares, X. and Biosca, J.A. Characterization of a (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase as the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YAL060W gene product. Disruption and induction of the gene. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 35876-35885. [PMID: 10938079]
Accepted name: diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming]
Reaction: (S)-acetoin + NAD+ = diacetyl + NADH + H+
Other name(s): (S)-acetoin dehydrogenase
Systematic name: ((S)-acetoin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in the reverse direction. This activity is usually associated with butanediol dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.1.1.4 or EC 1.1.1.76). While the butanediol dehydrogenase activity is reversible, diacetyl reductase activity is irreversible. This enzyme has been reported in the bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae [1-3]. Different from EC 1.1.1.303, diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Giovannini, P.P., Medici, A., Bergamini, C.M. and Rippa, M. Properties of diacetyl (acetoin) reductase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4 (1996) 1197-1201. [PMID: 8879540]
2. Carballo, J., Martin, R., Bernardo, A. and Gonzalez, J. Purification, characterization and some properties of diacetyl(acetoin) reductase from Enterobacter aerogenes. Eur. J. Biochem. 198 (1991) 327-332. [PMID: 2040298]
3. Ui, S., Okajima, Y., Mimura, A., Kanai, H., Kobayashi, T., Kudo, T. Sequence analysis of the gene for and characterization of D-acetoin forming meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae expressed in Escherichia coli. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 83 (1997) 32-37.
Accepted name: UDP-glucuronic acid dehydrogenase (UDP-4-keto-hexauronic acid decarboxylating)
Reaction: UDP-glucuronate + NAD+ = UDP-β-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose + CO2 + NADH + H+
Other name(s): UDP-GlcUA decarboxylase; ArnADH
Systematic name: UDP-glucuronate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The activity is part of a bifunctional enzyme also performing the reaction of EC 2.1.2.13 (UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose formyltransferase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Breazeale, S.D., Ribeiro, A.A., McClerren, A.L. and Raetz, C.R.H. A formyltransferase required for polymyxin resistance in Escherichia coli and the modification of lipid A with 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose. Identification and function of UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 14154-14167. [PMID: 15695810]
2. Gatzeva-Topalova, P.Z., May, A.P. and Sousa, M.C. Crystal structure of Escherichia coli ArnA (PmrI) decarboxylase domain. A key enzyme for lipid A modification with 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose and polymyxin resistance. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 13370-13379. [PMID: 15491143]
3. Williams, G.J., Breazeale, S.D., Raetz, C.R.H. and Naismith, J.H. Structure and function of both domains of ArnA, a dual function decarboxylase and a formyltransferase, involved in 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 23000-23008. [PMID: 15809294]
4. Gatzeva-Topalova, P.Z., May, A.P. and Sousa, M.C. Structure and mechanism of ArnA: conformational change implies ordered dehydrogenase mechanism in key enzyme for polymyxin resistance. Structure 13 (2005) 929-942. [PMID: 15939024]
5. Yan, A., Guan, Z. and Raetz, C.R.H. An undecaprenyl phosphate-aminoarabinose flippase required for polymyxin resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 36077-36089. [PMID: 17928292]
Accepted name: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol dehydrogenase
Reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol + NAD+ = S-formylmycothiol + NADH + H+
Glossary: mycothiol = 1-O-[2-(N-acetyl-L-cysteinamido)-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl]-D-myo-inositol
Other name(s): NAD/factor-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase; mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: S-hydroxymethylmycothiol is believed to form spontaneously from formaldehyde and mycothiol. This enzyme oxidizes the product of this spontaneous reaction to S-formylmycothiol, in a reaction that is analogous to EC 1.1.1.284, S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Misset-Smits, M., Van Ophem, P.W., Sakuda, S. and Duine, J.A. Mycothiol, 1-O-(2'-[N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl]amido-2'-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-myo-inositol, is the factor of NAD/factor-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett. 409 (1997) 221-222. [PMID: 9202149]
2. Norin, A., Van Ophem, P.W., Piersma, S.R., Person, B., Duine, J.A. and Jornvall, H. Mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, a prokaryotic medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, phylogenetically links different eukaryotic alcohol dehydrogenase's - primary structure, conformational modelling and functional correlations. Eur. J. Biochem. 248 (1997) 282-289. [PMID: 9346279]
3. Vogt, R.N., Steenkamp, D.J., Zheng, R. and Blanchard, J.S. The metabolism of nitrosothiols in the Mycobacteria: identification and characterization of S-nitrosomycothiol reductase. Biochem. J. 374 (2003) 657-666. [PMID: 12809551]
4. Rawat, M. and Av-Gay, Y. Mycothiol-dependent proteins in actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 31 (2007) 278-292. [PMID: 17286835]
Accepted name: D-xylose reductase
Reaction: xylitol + NAD(P)+ = D-xylose + NAD(P)H + H+
Other name(s): XylR; XyrA; msXR; dsXR; monospecific xylose reductase; dual specific xylose reductase; NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase; xylose reductase
Systematic name: xylitol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Xylose reductase catalyses the initial reaction in the xylose utilization pathway, the NAD(P)H dependent reduction of xylose to xylitol.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Neuhauser, W., Haltrich, D., Kulbe, K.D. and Nidetzky, B. NAD(P)H-dependent aldose reductase from the xylose-assimilating yeast Candida tenuis. Isolation, characterization and biochemical properties of the enzyme. Biochem. J. 326 (1997) 683-692. [PMID: 9307017]
2. Nidetzky, B., Bruggler, K., Kratzer, R. and Mayr, P. Multiple forms of xylose reductase in Candida intermedia: comparison of their functional properties using quantitative structure-activity relationships, steady-state kinetic analysis, and pH studies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2003) 7930-7935. [PMID: 14690376]
3. Iablochkova, E.N., Bolotnikova, O.I., Mikhailova, N.P., Nemova, N.N. and Ginak, A.I. The activity of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase in yeasts. Mikrobiologiia 72 (2003) 466-469. [PMID: 14526534] (in Russian)
4. Chen, L.C., Huang, S.C., Chuankhayan, P., Chen, C.D., Huang, Y.C., Jeyakanthan, J., Pang, H.F., Men, L.C., Chen, Y.C., Wang, Y.K., Liu, M.Y., Wu, T.K. and Chen, C.J. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of xylose reductase from Candida tropicalis. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 65 (2009) 419-421. [PMID: 19342796]
5. Verduyn, C., Van Kleef, R., Frank, J., Schreuder, H., Van Dijken, J.P. and Scheffers, W.A. Properties of the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase from the xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis. Biochem. J. 226 (1985) 669-677. [PMID: 3921014]
6. Fernandes, S., Tuohy, M.G. and Murray, P.G. Xylose reductase from the thermophilic fungus Talaromyces emersonii: cloning and heterologous expression of the native gene (Texr) and a double mutant (TexrK271R + N273D) with altered coenzyme specificity. J Biosci 34 (2009) 881-890. [PMID: 20093741]
7. Lee, J.K., Koo, B.S. and Kim, S.Y. Cloning and characterization of the xyl1 gene, encoding an NADH-preferring xylose reductase from Candida parapsilosis, and its functional expression in Candida tropicalis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 6179-6188. [PMID: 14532079]
8. Woodyer, R., Simurdiak, M., van der Donk, W.A. and Zhao, H. Heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of a highly active xylose reductase from Neurospora crassa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2005) 1642-1647. [PMID: 15746370]
Accepted name: sulfopropanediol 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: (R)-2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate + 2 NAD+ + H2O = (R)-3-sulfolactate + 2 NADH + 2 H+
Other name(s): DHPS 3-dehydrogenase (sulfolactate forming); 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate 3-dehydrogenase (sulfolactate forming); dihydroxypropanesulfonate 3-dehydrogenase; hpsN (gene name)
Systematic name: (R)-2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in degradation of (R)-2,3-dihydroxypropanesulfonate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Mayer, J., Huhn, T., Habeck, M., Denger, K., Hollemeyer, K. and Cook, A.M. 2,3-Dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate degraded by Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134: purification of dihydroxypropanesulfonate 3-dehydrogenase. Microbiology 156 (2010) 1556-1564. [PMID: 20150239]
Accepted name: phosphonoacetaldehyde reductase (NADH)
Reaction: 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate + NAD+ = phosphonoacetaldehyde + NADH + H+
Other name(s): PhpC
Systematic name: 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Streptomyces viridochromogenes catalyses a step in the biosynthesis of phosphinothricin tripeptide, the reduction of phosphonoacetaldehyde to 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate. The preferred cofactor is NADH, lower activity with NADPH [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Blodgett, J.A., Thomas, P.M., Li, G., Velasquez, J.E., van der Donk, W.A., Kelleher, N.L. and Metcalf, W.W. Unusual transformations in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic phosphinothricin tripeptide. Nat. Chem. Biol. 3 (2007) 480-485. [PMID: 17632514]
Accepted name: (S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2S)-3-sulfolactate + NAD+ = 3-sulfopyruvate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): (2S)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase; SlcC
Systematic name: (2S)-sulfolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme, isolated from the bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043, acts only on the (S)-enantiomer of 3-sulfolactate. Combined with EC 1.1.1.272 [(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase], it provides a racemase system that converts (2S)-3-sulfolactate to (2R)-3-sulfolactate, which is degraded further by EC 4.4.1.24 [(2R)-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase]. Specific for NAD+.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Denger, K. and Cook, A.M. Racemase activity effected by two dehydrogenases in sulfolactate degradation by Chromohalobacter salexigens: purification of (S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase. Microbiology 156 (2010) 967-974. [PMID: 20007648]
Accepted name: (S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase
Reaction: (S)-1-phenylethanol + NAD+ = acetophenone + NADH + H+
Other name(s): PED
Systematic name: (S)-1-phenylethanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in degradation of ethylbenzene.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Kniemeyer, O. and Heider, J. (S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase of Azoarcus sp. strain EbN1, an enzyme of anaerobic ethylbenzene catabolism. Arch. Microbiol. 176 (2001) 129-135. [PMID: 11479712]
2. Hoffken, H.W., Duong, M., Friedrich, T., Breuer, M., Hauer, B., Reinhardt, R., Rabus, R. and Heider, J. Crystal structure and enzyme kinetics of the (S)-specific 1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase of the denitrifying bacterium strain EbN1. Biochemistry 45 (2006) 82-93. [PMID: 16388583]
Accepted name: 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal + NADP+ = 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate + NADPH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here
Other name(s): 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate-6-semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase; α-hydroxy-γ-carboxymuconic ε-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; LigC; ProD
Systematic name: 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme does not act on unsubstituted aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes or glucose; NAD+ can replace NADP+, but with lower affinity. The enzyme was initially believed to act on 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate 6-semialdehyde and produce 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate [1]. However, later studies showed that the substrate is the hemiacetal form [3], and the product is 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate [2,4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Maruyama, K., Ariga, N., Tsuda, M. and Deguchi, K. Purification and properties of α-hydroxy-γ-carboxymuconic ε-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 83 (1978) 1125-1134. [PMID: 26671]
2. Maruyama, K. Isolation and identification of the reaction product of α-hydroxy-γ-carboxymuconic ε-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. J. Biochem. 86 (1979) 1671-1677. [PMID: 528534]
3. Maruyama, K. Purification and properties of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate hydrolase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 93 (1983) 557-565. [PMID: 6841353]
4. Masai, E., Momose, K., Hara, H., Nishikawa, S., Katayama, Y. and Fukuda, M. Genetic and biochemical characterization of 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase and its role in the protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage pathway in Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6. J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 6651-6658. [PMID: 11073908]
Accepted name: sulfoacetaldehyde reductase
Reaction: isethionate + NADP+ = 2-sulfoacetaldehyde + NADPH + H+
Glossary: isethionate = 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
2-sulfoacetaldehyde = 2-oxoethanesulfonate
Other name(s): isfD (gene name)
Systematic name: isethionate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Catalyses the reaction only in the opposite direction. Involved in taurine degradation. The bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens strain DSM 3043 possesses two enzymes that catalyse this reaction, a constitutive enzyme (encoded by isfD2) and an inducible enzyme (encoded by isfD). The latter is induced by taurine, and is responsible for most of the activity observed in taurine-grown cells.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Krejcik, Z., Hollemeyer, K., Smits, T.H. and Cook, A.M. Isethionate formation from taurine in Chromohalobacter salexigens: purification of sulfoacetaldehyde reductase. Microbiology 156 (2010) 1547-1555. [PMID: 20133363]
Accepted name: germacrene A alcohol dehydrogenase
Reaction: germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-ol + 2 NADP+ + H2O =
germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oate + 2 NADPH + 3 H+ (overall reaction)
(1a) germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-ol + NADP+ = germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-al + NADPH + H+
(1b) germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-al + NADP+ + H2O = germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oate + NADPH + 2 H+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Systematic name: germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-ol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: In Lactuca sativa EC 1.1.1.314 is a mutifunctional enzyme with EC 1.14.13.123, germacrene A hydroxylase [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. de Kraker, J.W., Franssen, M.C., Dalm, M.C., de Groot, A. and Bouwmeester, H.J. Biosynthesis of germacrene A carboxylic acid in chicory roots. Demonstration of a cytochrome P450 (+)-germacrene A hydroxylase and NADP+-dependent sesquiterpenoid dehydrogenase(s) involved in sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 125 (2001) 1930-1940. [PMID: 11299372]
2. Nguyen, D.T., Gopfert, J.C., Ikezawa, N., Macnevin, G., Kathiresan, M., Conrad, J., Spring, O. and Ro, D.K. Biochemical conservation and evolution of germacrene A oxidase in Asteraceae. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 16588-16598. [PMID: 20351109]
Accepted name: 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 11-cis-retinol—[retinal-binding-protein] + NAD+ = 11-cis-retinal—[retinol-binding-protein] + NADH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here
Glossary: 11-cis-retinal = 11-cis-retinaldehyde
Other name(s): RDH5 (gene name)
Systematic name: 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme, abundant in the retinal pigment epithelium, catalyses the reduction of 11-cis-retinol to 11-cis-retinal [1] while the substrate is bound to the retinal-binding protein [4]. This is a crucial step in the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore of rhodopsin. The enzyme can also accept other cis forms of retinol [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Simon, A., Hellman, U., Wernstedt, C. and Eriksson, U. The retinal pigment epithelial-specific 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase belongs to the family of short chain alcohol dehydrogenases. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 1107-1112. [PMID: 7836368]
2. Wang, J., Chai, X., Eriksson, U. and Napoli, J.L. Activity of human 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase (Rdh5) with steroids and retinoids and expression of its mRNA in extra-ocular human tissue. Biochem. J. 338 (1999) 23-27. [PMID: 9931293]
3. Liden, M., Romert, A., Tryggvason, K., Persson, B. and Eriksson, U. Biochemical defects in 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase mutants associated with fundus albipunctatus. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 49251-49257. [PMID: 11675386]
4. Wu, Z., Yang, Y., Shaw, N., Bhattacharya, S., Yan, L., West, K., Roth, K., Noy, N., Qin, J. and Crabb, J.W. Mapping the ligand binding pocket in the cellular retinaldehyde binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 12390-12396. [PMID: 12536149]
Accepted name: L-galactose 1-dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-galactose + NAD+ = L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+
Other name(s): L-GalDH; L-galactose dehydrogenase
Systematic name: L-galactose:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses a step in the ascorbate biosynthesis in higher plants (Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway). The activity with NADP+ is less than 10% of the activity with NAD+.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Mieda, T., Yabuta, Y., Rapolu, M., Motoki, T., Takeda, T., Yoshimura, K., Ishikawa, T. and Shigeoka, S. Feedback inhibition of spinach L-galactose dehydrogenase by L-ascorbate. Plant Cell Physiol. 45 (2004) 1271-1279. [PMID: 15509850]
2. Gatzek, S., Wheeler, G.L. and Smirnoff, N. Antisense suppression of L-galactose dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana provides evidence for its role in ascorbate synthesis and reveals light modulated L-galactose synthesis. Plant J. 30 (2002) 541-553. [PMID: 12047629]
3. Wheeler, G.L., Jones, M.A. and Smirnoff, N. The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants. Nature 393 (1998) 365-369. [PMID: 9620799]
4. Oh, M.M., Carey, E.E. and Rajashekar, C.B. Environmental stresses induce health-promoting phytochemicals in lettuce. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 47 (2009) 578-583. [PMID: 19297184]
Accepted name: perakine reductase
Reaction: raucaffrinoline + NADP+ = perakine + NADPH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here
Glossary: raucaffrinoline = (17R,20α,21β)-1,2-didehydro-1-demethyl-19-hydroxy-21-methyl-18-norajmalan-17-yl acetate
perakine = raucaffrine = (17R,20α,21β)-1,2-didehydro-1-demethyl-17-(acetyloxy)-21-methyl-18-norajmalan-19-al
Systematic name: raucaffrinoline:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The biosynthesis of raucaffrinoline from perakine is a side route of the ajmaline biosynthesis pathway. The enzyme is a member of the aldo-keto reductase enzyme superfamily from higher plants.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Sun, L., Ruppert, M., Sheludko, Y., Warzecha, H., Zhao, Y. and Stockigt, J. Purification, cloning, functional expression and characterization of perakine reductase: the first example from the AKR enzyme family, extending the alkaloidal network of the plant Rauvolfia. Plant Mol. Biol. 67 (2008) 455-467. [PMID: 18409028]
2. Rosenthal, C., Mueller, U., Panjikar, S., Sun, L., Ruppert, M., Zhao, Y. and Stockigt, J. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of perakine reductase, a new member of the aldo-keto reductase enzyme superfamily from higher plants. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 62 (2006) 1286-1289. [PMID: 17142919]