Continued from EC 1.14.99
EC 1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor
EC 1.16 Oxidizing metal ions
EC 1.16.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
EC 1.16.3 With oxygen as acceptor
EC 1.16.5 With quinone or similar compound as acceptor
EC 1.16.8 With flavin as acceptor
EC 1.16.98 With other, known, acceptor
EC 1.17 Acting on CH or CH2 groups
EC 1.17.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
EC 1.17.3 With oxygen as acceptor
EC 1.17.4 With disulfide as acceptor
EC 1.17.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor
EC 1.17.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor
EC 1.17.99 With other acceptors
EC 1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
EC 1.18.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
EC 1.18.3 With H+ as acceptor
EC 1.18.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor
EC 1.18.96 With other, known, acceptors
EC 1.18.99 With H+ as acceptor
EC 1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor
EC 1.19.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor
EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
EC 1.20.1 With NAD(P)+ as acceptor
EC 1.20.4 With disulfide as acceptor
EC 1.20.98 With other, known acceptors
EC 1.20.99 With other acceptors
EC 1.21 Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond
EC 1.21.3 With oxygen as acceptor
EC 1.21.4 With a disulfide as acceptor
EC 1.21.99 With other acceptors
EC 1.22 Acting on halogen in donors
EC 1.22.1 With NAD(P)+ as acceptor
EC 1.97 Other oxidoreductases
Accepted name: superoxide dismutase
Reaction: 2 O2•- + 2 H+ = O2 + H2O2
Other name(s): superoxidase dismutase; copper-zinc superoxide dismutase; Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase; ferrisuperoxide dismutase; superoxide dismutase I; superoxide dismutase II; SOD; Cu,Zn-SOD; Mn-SOD; Fe-SOD; SODF; SODS; SOD-1; SOD-2; SOD-3; SOD-4; hemocuprein; erythrocuprein; cytocuprein; cuprein ; hepatocuprein
Systematic name: superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase
Comments: A metalloprotein; also known as erythrocuprein, hemocuprein or cytocuprein. Enzymes from most eukaryotes contain both copper and zinc; those from mitochondria and most prokaryotes contain manganese or iron.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9054-89-1
References:
1. Keele, B.B., McCord, J.M. and Fridovich, I. Further characterization of bovine superoxide dismutase and its isolation from bovine heart. J. Biol. Chem. 246 (1971) 2875-2880. [PMID: 4324341]
2. Sawada, Y., Ohyama, T. and Yamazaki, I. Preparation and physicochemical properties of green pea superoxide dismutase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 268 (1972) 305-312. [PMID: 4337330]
3. Vance, P.G., Keele, B.B. and Rajagopalan, K.V. Superoxide dismutase from Streptococcus mutans. Isolation and characterization of two forms of the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 4782-4786. [PMID: 4559499]
Accepted name: superoxide reductase
Reaction: reduced rubredoxin + superoxide + 2 H+ = rubredoxin + H2O2
Glossary entries:
rubredoxin
Other names: neelaredoxin; desulfoferrodoxin
Systematic name: rubredoxin:superoxide oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme contains non-heme iron.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 250679-67-5
References:
1. Jenney, F.E., Jr., Verhagen, M.F.J.M., Cui, X. and Adams, M.W.W. Anaerobic microbes: Oxygen detoxification without superoxide dismutase. Science 286 (1999) 306-309. [PMID: 10514376]
2. Yeh, A.P., Hu, Y., Jenney, F.E., Jr., Adams, M.W.W. and Rees, D.C. Structures of the superoxide reductase from Pyrococcus furiosus in the oxidized and reduced states. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 2499-2508. [PMID: 10704199]
3. Lombard, M., Fontecave, M., Touati, D. and Niviere, V. Reaction of the desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfoarculus baarsii with superoxide anion. Evidence for a superoxide reductase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 115-121. [PMID: 10617593]
4. Abreu, I.A., Saraiva, L.M., Carita, J., Huber, H., Stetter, K.O., Cabelli, D. and Teixeira, M. Oxygen detoxification in the strict anaerobic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus: superoxide scavenging by neelaredoxin. Mol. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 322-334. [PMID: 11069658]
EC 1.16.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
EC 1.16.3 With oxygen as acceptor
Accepted name: mercury(II) reductase
Reaction: Hg + NADP+ + H+ = Hg2+ + NADPH
Other name(s): mercuric reductase; mercurate(II) reductase; mercuric ion reductase; mercury reductase; reduced NADP:mercuric ion oxidoreductase; mer A
Systematic name: Hg:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: A dithiol enzyme.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 67880-93-7
References:
1. Fox, B.S. and Walsh, C.T. Mercuric reductase. Purification and characterization of a transposon-encoded flavoprotein containing an oxidation-reduction-active disulfide. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 2498-2503. [PMID: 6277900]
2. Fox, B.S. and Walsh, C.T. Mercuric reductase - homology to glutathione-reductase and lipoamide dehydrogenase - iodoacetamide alkylation and sequence of the active-site peptide. Biochemistry 22 (1983) 4082-4088.
Accepted name: diferric-transferrin reductase
Reaction: transferrin[Fe(II)]2 + NAD+ + H+ = transferrin[Fe(III)]2 + NADH
Other name(s): diferric transferrin reductase; NADH diferric transferrin reductase; transferrin reductase
Systematic name: transferrin[Fe(II)]2:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 105238-49-1
References:
1. Löw, H., Sun, I.L., Navas, P., Grebing, C., Crane, F.L. and Morré, D.J. Transplasmalemma electron transport from cells is part of a diferric transferrin reductase system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 139 (1986) 1117-1123. [PMID: 3767994]
Accepted name: aquacobalamin reductase
Reaction: 2 cob(II)alamin + NAD+ = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + NADH + H+
Other name(s): aquocobalamin reductase; vitamin B12a reductase; NADH-linked aquacobalamin reductase; B12a reductase; NADH2:cob(III)alamin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cob(II)alamin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37256-39-6
References:
1. Walker, G.A., Murphy, S. and Huennekens, F.M. Enzymatic conversion of vitamin B12a to adenosyl-B12: evidence for the existence of two separate reducing systems. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 134 (1969) 95-102. [PMID: 4390543]
Accepted name: cob(II)alamin reductase
Reaction: 2 cob(I)alamin + NAD+ = 2 cob(II)alamin + NADH + H+
Other name(s): vitamin B12r reductase; B12r reductase; NADH2:cob(II)alamin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cob(I)alamin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 37256-40-9
References:
1. Walker, G.A., Murphy, S. and Huennekens, F.M. Enzymatic conversion of vitamin B12a to adenosyl-B12: evidence for the existence of two separate reducing systems. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 134 (1969) 95-102. [PMID: 4390543]
Accepted name: aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: 2 cob(II)alamin + NADP+ = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): aquacobalamin (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADPH-linked aquacobalamin reductase; NADPH2:aquacob(III)alamin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: cob(II)alamin:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein. Acts on aquacob(III)alamin and hydroxycobalamin, but not on cyanocobalamin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 110777-32-7
References:
1. Watanabe, F., Oki, Y., Nakano, Y. and Kitaoka, S. Purification and characterization of aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH) from Euglena gracilis. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 11514-11518. [PMID: 3114247]
2. Watanabe, F., Yamaji, R., Isegawa, Y., Yamamoto, T., Tamura, Y. and Nakano, Y. Characterization of aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH) from Euglena gracilis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 305 (1993) 421-427. [PMID: 8373179]
Accepted name: cyanocobalamin reductase (cyanide-eliminating)
Reaction: cob(I)alamin + cyanide + NADP+ = cyanocob(III)alamin + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): cyanocobalamin reductase; cyanocobalamin reductase (NADPH, cyanide-eliminating); cyanocobalamin reductase (NADPH; CN-eliminating); NADPH2:cyanocob(III)alamin oxidoreductase (cyanide-eliminating)
Systematic name: cob(I)alamin, cyanide:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 131145-00-1
References:
1. Watanabe, F., Oki, Y., Nakano, Y. and Kitaoka, S. Occurrence and characterization of cyanocobalamin reductase (NADPH; CN-eliminating) involved in decyanation of cyanocobalamin in Euglena gracilis. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 34 (1988) 1-10. [PMID: 3134526]
Accepted name: ferric-chelate reductase (NADH)
Reaction: 2 Fe(II) + NAD+ + H+ = 2 Fe(III) + NADH
Other name(s): ferric chelate reductase (ambigous); iron chelate reductase (ambigous); NADH:Fe3+-EDTA reductase; NADH2:Fe3+ oxidoreductase
Systematic name: Fe(II):NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the transport of iron across plant plasma membranes.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 120720-17-4
References:
1. Askerlund, P., Larrson, C. and Widell, S. Localization of donor and acceptor sites of NADH dehydrogenase activities using inside-out and right-side-out plasma membrane vesicles from plants. FEBS Lett. 239 (1988) 23-28.
2. Brüggemann, W. and Moog, P.R. NADH-dependent Fe3+ EDTA and oxygen reduction by plasma membrane vesicles from barley roots. Physiol. Plant. 75 (1989) 245-254.
3. Brüggemann, W., Moog, P.R., Nakagawa, H., Janiesch, P. and Kuiper, P.J.C. Plasma membrane-bound NADH:Fe3+-EDTA reductase and iron deficiency in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Is there a Turbo reductase ? Physiol. Plant. 79 (1990) 339-346.
4. Buckhout, T.J. and Hrubec, T.C. Pyridine nucleotide-dependent ferricyanide reduction associated with isolated plasma membranes of maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Protoplasma 135 (1986) 144-154.
5. Sandelius, A.S., Barr, R., Crane, F.L. and Morré, D.J. Redox reactions of plasma membranes isolated from soybean hypocotyls by phase partition. Plant Sci. 48 (1986) 1-10.
6. Mazoch, J., Tesarik, R., Sedlacek, V., Kucera, I. and Turanek, J. Isolation and biochemical characterization of two soluble iron(III) reductases from Paracoccus denitrificans. Eur. J. Biochem. 271 (2004) 553-562. [PMID: 14728682]
Accepted name: [methionine synthase] reductase
Reaction: 2 [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + 2 S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+ = 2 [methionine synthase]-cob(I)alamin + NADPH + H+ + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): methionine synthase cob(II)alamin reductase (methylating); methionine synthase reductase; [methionine synthase]-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin reducing)
Systematic name: [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin,S-adenosylhomocysteine:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: In humans, the enzyme is a flavoprotein containing FAD and FMN. The substrate of the enzyme is the inactivated [Co(II)] form of EC 2.1.1.13, methionine synthase. Electrons are transferred from NADPH to FAD to FMN. Defects in this enzyme lead to hereditary hyperhomocysteinemia.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 207004-87-3
References:
1. Leclerc, D., Wilson, A., Dumas, R., Gafuik, C., Song, D., Watkins, D., Heng, H.H.Q., Rommens, J.M., Scherer, S.W., Rosenblatt, D.S., Gravel, R.A. Cloning and mapping of a cDNA for methionine synthase reductase, a flavoprotein defective in patients with homocystinuria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95 (1998) 3059-3064. [PMID: 9501215]
2. Olteanu, H. and Banerjee, R. Human methionine synthase reductase, a soluble P-450 reductase-like dual flavoprotein, is sufficient for NADPH-dependent methionine synthase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 35558-35563. [PMID: 11466310]
3. Olteanu, H., Munson, T. and Banerjee, R. Differences in the efficiency of reductive activation of methionine synthase and exogenous electron acceptors between the common polymorphic variants of human methionine synthase reductase. Biochemistry 41 (2002) 13378-13385. [PMID: 12416982]
Accepted name: ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH)
Reaction: 2 Fe(II) + 2 an apo-siderophore + NADP+ + H+ = 2 an Fe(III)-siderophore + NADPH
Other name(s): ferric chelate reductase (ambigous); iron chelate reductase (ambigous); NADPH:Fe3+-EDTA reductase; NADPH-dependent ferric reductase; yqjH (gene name)
Systematic name: Fe(II):NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains FAD. The reaction is catalysed in the reverse direction. The enzyme, which is widespread among bacteria, catalyses the reduction and release of iron from a variety of iron chelators (siderophores), including ferric triscatecholates and ferric dicitrate. The enzyme from Escherichia coli has the highest efficiency with the hydrolysed ferric enterobactin complex ferric N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-L-serine [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 120720-17-4
References:
1. Bamford, V.A., Armour, M., Mitchell, S.A., Cartron, M., Andrews, S.C. and Watson, K.A. Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of YqjH from Escherichia coli: a putative cytoplasmic ferri-siderophore reductase. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 64 (2008) 792-796. [PMID: 18765906]
2. Wang, S., Wu, Y. and Outten, F.W. Fur and the novel regulator YqjI control transcription of the ferric reductase gene yqjH in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 193 (2011) 563-574. [PMID: 21097627]
3. Miethke, M., Hou, J. and Marahiel, M.A. The Siderophore-Interacting Protein YqjH Acts as a Ferric Reductase in Different Iron Assimilation Pathways of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry (2011) . [PMID: 22098718]
Accepted name: ferroxidase
Reaction: 4 Fe(II) + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe(III) + 2 H2O
Other name(s): ceruloplasmin; caeruloplasmin; ferroxidase I; iron oxidase, iron(II):oxygen oxidoreductase; ferro:O2 oxidoreductase; iron II:oxygen oxidoreductase; hephaestin; HEPH
Systematic name: Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme in blood plasma (ceruloplasmin) belongs to the family of multicopper oxidases. In humans it accounts for 95% of plasma copper. It oxidizes Fe(II) to Fe(III), which allows the subsequent incorporation of the latter into proteins such as apotransferrin and lactoferrin. An enzyme from iron oxidizing bacterium strain TI-1 contains heme a.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9031-37-2, 104404-69-5
References:
1. Osaki, S. Kinetic studies of ferrous ion oxidation with crystalline human ferroxidase (ceruloplasmin). J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 5053-5059. [PMID: 5925868]
2. Osaki, S. and Walaas, O. Kinetic studies of ferrous ion oxidation with crystalline human ferroxidase. II. Rate constants at various steps and formation of a possible enzyme-substrate complex. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1967) 2653-2657. [PMID: 6027241]
3. Lindley, P.F. Card, G. Zaitseva, I. Zaitsev, V. Reinhammar, B. SelinLindgren, E. and Yoshida, K. An X-ray structural study of human ceruloplasmin in relation to ferroxidase activity. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2 (1997) 454-463.
4. Takai, M., Kamimura, K. and Sugio, T. A new iron oxidase from a moderately thermophilic iron oxidizing bacterium strain TI-1. Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (2001) 1653-1658. [PMID: 11248684]
5. Chen, H., Attieh, Z.K., Su, T., Syed, B.A., Gao, H., Alaeddine, R.M., Fox, T.C., Usta, J., Naylor, C.E., Evans, R.W., McKie, A.T., Anderson, G.J. and Vulpe, C.D. Hephaestin is a ferroxidase that maintains partial activity in sex-linked anemia mice. Blood 103 (2004) 3933-3939. [PMID: 14751926]
Accepted name: ascorbate ferrireductase (transmembrane)
Reaction: ascorbate[side 1] + Fe(III)[side 2] = monodehydroascorbate[side 1] + Fe(II)[side 2]
Other name(s): cytochrome b561 (ambiguous)
Systematic name: Fe(III):ascorbate oxidorectuctase (electron-translocating)
Comments: A diheme cytochrome that transfers electrons across a single membrane, such as the outer membrane of the enterocyte, or the tonoplast membrane of the plant cell vacuole. Acts on hexacyanoferrate(III) and other ferric chelates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Flatmark, T. and Terland, O. Cytochrome b561 of the bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. A high potential b-type cytochrome. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 253 (1971) 487-491. [PMID: 4332308]
2. McKie, A.T., Barrow, D., Latunde-Dada, G.O., Rolfs, A., Sager, G., Mudaly, E., Mudaly, M., Richardson, C., Barlow, D., Bomford, A., Peters, T.J., Raja, K.B., Shirali, S., Hediger, M.A., Farzaneh, F. and Simpson, R.J. An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron. Science 291 (2001) 1755-1759. [PMID: 11230685]
3. Su, D. and Asard, H. Three mammalian cytochromes b561 are ascorbate-dependent ferrireductases. FEBS J. 273 (2006) 3722-3734. [PMID: 16911521]
4. Berczi, A., Su, D. and Asard, H. An Arabidopsis cytochrome b561 with trans-membrane ferrireductase capability. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007) 1505-1508. [PMID: 17376442]
5. Wyman, S., Simpson, R.J., McKie, A.T. and Sharp, P.A. Dcytb (Cybrd1) functions as both a ferric and a cupric reductase in vitro. FEBS Lett. 582 (2008) 1901-1906. [PMID: 18498772]
6. Glanfield, A., McManus, D.P., Smyth, D.J., Lovas, E.M., Loukas, A., Gobert, G.N. and Jones, M.K. A cytochrome b561 with ferric reductase activity from the parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4 (2010) e884. [PMID: 21103361]
Accepted name: cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide reductase
Reaction: 2 cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide + FMN + 2 H+ = 2 cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide + FMNH2
For diagram click here.
Systematic name: cob(I)yrinic acid-a,c-diamide:FMN oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme also catalyses the reduction of cob(II)yric acid, cob(II)inamide, cob(II)inamide phosphate, GDP-cob(II)inamide and cob(II)alamin although cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide is thought to be the physiological substrate [1]. Also uses FAD and NADH but not NADPH.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 145539-93-1
References:
1. Blanche F., Maton, L., Debussche, L. and Thibaut, D. Purification and characterization of cob(II)yrinic acid a,c-diamide reductase from Pseudomonas denitrificans. J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 7452-7454. [PMID: 1429467]
2. Warren, M.J., Raux, E., Schubert, H.L. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Nat. Prod. Rep. 19 (2002) 390-412. [PMID: 12195810]
EC 1.16.9.1
Accepted name: iron:rusticyanin reductase
Reaction: Fe(II) + rusticyanin = Fe(III) + reduced rusticyanin
Other name(s): Cyc2
Systematic name: Fe(II):rusticyanin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains c-type heme, The enzyme in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a component of an electron transfer chain from Fe(II), comprising this enzyme, the copper protein rusticyanin, cytochrome c4, and cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1)
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
Metacyc,
CAS registry number:
References:
1. Blake, R.C., 2nd and Shute, E.A. Respiratory enzymes of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Kinetic properties of an acid-stable iron:rusticyanin oxidoreductase. Biochemistry 33 (1994) 9220-9228. [PMID: 8049223]
2. Appia-Ayme, C., Bengrine, A., Cavazza, C., Giudici-Orticoni, M.T., Bruschi, M., Chippaux, M. and Bonnefoy, V. Characterization and expression of the co-transcribed cyc1 and cyc2 genes encoding the cytochrome c4 (c552) and a high-molecular-mass cytochrome c from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 33020. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 167 (1998) 171-177. [PMID: 9809418]
3. Yarzabal, A., Brasseur, G., Ratouchniak, J., Lund, K., Lemesle-Meunier, D., DeMoss, J.A. and Bonnefoy, V. The high-molecular-weight cytochrome c Cyc2 of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is an outer membrane protein. J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 313-317. [PMID: 11741873]
4. Yarzabal, A., Appia-Ayme, C., Ratouchniak, J. and Bonnefoy, V. Regulation of the expression of the Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans rus operon encoding two cytochromes c, a cytochrome oxidase and rusticyanin. Microbiology 150 (2004) 2113-2123. [PMID: 15256554]
5. Taha, T.M., Kanao, T., Takeuchi, F. and Sugio, T. Reconstitution of iron oxidase from sulfur-grown Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74 (2008) 6808-6810. [PMID: 18791023]
6. Castelle, C., Guiral, M., Malarte, G., Ledgham, F., Leroy, G., Brugna, M. and Giudici-Orticoni, M.T. A new iron-oxidizing/O2-reducing supercomplex spanning both inner and outer membranes, isolated from the extreme acidophile Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 25803-25811. [PMID: 18632666]
7. Quatrini, R., Appia-Ayme, C., Denis, Y., Jedlicki, E., Holmes, D.S. and Bonnefoy, V. Extending the models for iron and sulfur oxidation in the extreme acidophile Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. BMC Genomics 10 (2009) 394. [PMID: 19703284]
EC 1.16.98 With other, known, acceptor
EC 1.16.98.1 transferred now EC 1.16.9.1
EC 1.17.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
EC 1.17.3 With oxygen as acceptor
EC 1.17.4 With disulfide as acceptor
EC 1.17.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor
EC 1.17.99 With other acceptors
Accepted name: CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase
Reaction: CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + NAD(P)+ + H2O = CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + NAD(P)H + H+
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): CDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase; cytidine diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose reductase; cytidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase; CDP-4-keto-deoxy-glucose reductase; CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3-dehydrogenase system; NAD(P)H:CDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose oxidoreductase
Systematic name: CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose:NAD(P)+ 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme consists of two proteins. One forms an enzyme-bound adduct of the CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose with pyridoxamine phosphate, in which the 3-hydroxy group has been removed. The second catalyses the reduction of this adduct by NAD(P)H and release of the CDP-4-dehydro-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose and pyridoxamine phosphate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 37256-87-4
References:
1. Pape, H. and Strominger, J.L. Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate 3,6-dideoxyhexoses. V. Partial purification of the two protein components required for introduction of the 3-deoxy group. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 3598-3604. [PMID: 4389672]
2. Rubenstein, P.A. and Strominger, J.L. Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate 3,6-dideoxyhexoses. VII. Mechanistic roles of enzyme E1 and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate in the formation of cytidine diphosphate-4-keto-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose from cytidine diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 249 (1974) 3776-3781. [PMID: 4152100]
3. Liu, H.-W. and Thorson, J.S. Pathways and mechanisms in the biogenesis of novel deoxysugars by bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48 (1994) 223-256. [PMID: 7826006]
Accepted name: 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase
Reaction: (1) isopentenyl diphosphate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + NAD(P)H + H+
(2) dimethylallyl diphosphate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + NAD(P)H + H+
For diagram of reaction, click here
Other name(s): isopentenyl-diphosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase; LytB; (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase; HMBPP reductase; IspH; LytB/IspH
Systematic name: isopentenyl-diphosphate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein that contains either a [3Fe-4S](+) [6] or a [4Fe-4S] [5] cluster. This enzyme comprises a system in which ferredoxin is first reduced and subsequently reoxidized by an NAD(P)+-dependent reductase. This is the last enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. This pathway, also known as the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP) or as the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, is found in most bacteria and in plant chloroplasts. The enzyme acts in the reverse direction, producing a 5:1 mixture of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethyallyl diphosphate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 512789-14-9
References:
1. Rohdich, F., Hecht, S., Gärtner, K., Adam, P., Krieger, C., Amslinger, S., Arigoni, D., Bacher, A. and Eisenreich, W. Studies on the nonmevalonate terpene biosynthetic pathway: Metabolic role of IspH (LytB) protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 1158-1163. [PMID: 11818558]
2. Hintz, M., Reichenberg, A., Altincicek, B., Bahr, U., Gschwind, R.M., Kollas, A.-K., Beck, E., Wiesner, J., Eberl, M. and Jomaa, H. Identification of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate as a major activator for human T cells in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 509 (2001) 317-322. [PMID: 11741609]
3. Charon, L., Pale-Grosdemange, C. and Rohmer, M. On the reduction steps in the mevalonate independent 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis. Tetrahedron Lett. 40 (1999) 7231-7234.
4. Röhrich, R.C., Englert, N., Troschke, K., Reichenberg, A., Hintz, M., Seeber, F., Balconi, E., Aliverti, A., Zanetti, G., Köhler, U., Pfeiffer, M., Beck, E., Jomaa, H. and Wiesner, J. Reconstitution of an apicoplast-localised electron transfer pathway involved in the isoprenoid biosynthesis of Plasmodium falciparum. FEBS Lett. 579 (2005) 6433-6438. [PMID: 16289098]
5. Wolff, M., Seemann, M., Bui, T.S.B., Frapart, Y., Tritsch, D., Garcia Estrabot, A., Rodríguez-Concepción, M., Boronat, A., Marquet, A. and Rohmer, M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (LytB/IspH) from Escherichia coli is a [4Fe-4S] protein. FEBS Lett. 541 (2003) 115-120. [PMID: 12706830]
6. Gräwert, T., Kaiser, J., Zepeck, F., Laupitz, R., Hecht, S., Amslinger, S., Schramek, N., Schleicher, E., Weber, S., Haslbeck, M., Buchner, J., Rieder, C., Arigoni, D., Bacher, A., Eisenreich, W. and Rohdich, F. IspH protein of Escherichia coli: studies on iron-sulfur cluster implementation and catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 12847-12855. [PMID: 15469281]
Accepted name: leucoanthocyanidin reductase
Reaction: (2R,3S)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O = 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + NADPH + H+
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): leucocyanidin reductase
Systematic name: (2R,3S)-catechin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the synthesis of catechin, catechin-4β-ol (leucocyanidin) and the related flavan-3-ols afzelechin and gallocatechin, which are initiating monomers in the synthesis of plant polymeric proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins. While 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin is the preferred flavan-3,4-diol substrate, 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucodelphinidin and 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucopelargonidin can also act as substrates, but more slowly. NADH can replace NADPH but is oxidized more slowly.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 776323-46-7
References:
1. Tanner, G.J. and Kristiansen, K.N. Synthesis of 3,4-cis-[3H]leucocyanidin and enzymatic reduction to catechin. Anal. Biochem. 209 (1993) 274-277. [PMID: 8470799]
2. Tanner, G.J., Francki, K.T., Abrahams, S., Watson, J.M., Larkin, P.J. and Ashton, A.R. Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants: Purification of legume leucoanthocyanidin reductase and molecular cloning of its cDNA. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 31647-31656. [PMID: 12788945]
Accepted name: xanthine dehydrogenase
Reaction: xanthine + NAD+ + H2O = urate + NADH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here
Glossary: 4-mercuribenzoate = (4-carboxylatophenyl)mercury
Other name(s): NAD+-xanthine dehydrogenase; xanthine-NAD+ oxidoreductase; xanthine/NAD+ oxidoreductase; xanthine oxidoreductase
Systematic name: xanthine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Acts on a variety of purines and aldehydes, including hypoxanthine. The mammalian enzyme can also convert all-trans retinol to all-trans-retinoate, while the substrate is bound to a retinoid-binding protein [14]. The enzyme from eukaryotes contains [2Fe-2S], FAD and a molybdenum centre. The mammalian enzyme predominantly exists as the NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4). During purification the enzyme is largely converted to an O2-dependent form, xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2). The conversion can be triggered by several mechanisms, including the oxidation of cysteine thiols to form disulfide bonds [2,6,8,15] [which can be catalysed by EC 1.8.4.7, enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulfide) in the presence of glutathione disulfide] or limited proteolysis, which results in irreversible conversion. The conversion can also occur in vivo [2,7,15].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9054-84-6
References:
1. Battelli, M.G. and Lorenzoni, E. Purification and properties of a new glutathione-dependent thiol:disulphide oxidoreductase from rat liver. Biochem. J. 207 (1982) 133-138. [PMID: 6960894]
2. Della Corte, E. and Stirpe, F. The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase. Involvement of thiol groups in the conversion of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) into oxidase (type O) and purification of the enzyme. Biochem. J. 126 (1972) 739-745. [PMID: 4342395]
3. Parzen, S.D. and Fox, A.S. Purification of xanthine dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 92 (1964) 465-471. [PMID: 14264879]
4. Rajagopalan, K.V. and Handler, P. Purification and properties of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1967) 4097-4107. [PMID: 4294045]
5. Smith, S.T., Rajagopalan, K.V. and Handler, P. Purification and properties of xanthine dehydroganase from Micrococcus lactilyticus. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1967) 4108-4117. [PMID: 6061702]
6. Ikegami, T. and Nishino, T. The presence of desulfo xanthine dehydrogenase in purified and crude enzyme preparations from rat liver. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 247 (1986) 254-260. [PMID: 3459393]
7. Engerson, T.D., McKelvey, T.G., Rhyne, D.B., Boggio, E.B., Snyder, S.J. and Jones, H.P. Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat tissues. J. Clin. Invest. 79 (1987) 1564-1570. [PMID: 3294898]
8. Saito, T., Nishino, T. and Tsushima, K. Interconversion between NAD-dependent and O2-dependent types of rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase and difference in kinetic and redox properties between them. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 253B (1989) 179-183. [PMID: 2610112]
9. Parschat, K., Canne, C., Hüttermann, J., Kappl, R. and Fetzner, S. Xanthine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida 86: specificity, oxidation-reduction potentials of its redox-active centers, and first EPR characterization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1544 (2001) 151-165. [PMID: 11341925]
10. Ichida, K., Amaya, Y., Noda, K., Minoshima, S., Hosoya, T., Sakai, O., Shimizu, N. and Nishino, T. Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene. Gene 133 (1993) 279-284. [PMID: 8224915]
11. Enroth, C., Eger, B.T., Okamoto, K., Nishino, T., Nishino, T. and Pai, E.F. Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: structure-based mechanism of conversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 10723-10728. [PMID: 11005854]
12. Truglio, J.J., Theis, K., Leimkuhler, S., Rappa, R., Rajagopalan, K.V. and Kisker, C. Crystal structures of the active and alloxanthine-inhibited forms of xanthine dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Structure 10 (2002) 115-125. [PMID: 11796116]
13. Hille, R. The mononuclear molybdenum enzymes. Chem. Rev. 96 (1996) 2757-2816. [PMID: 11848841]
14. Taibi, G., Di Gaudio, F. and Nicotra, C.M. Xanthine dehydrogenase processes retinol to retinoic acid in human mammary epithelial cells. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 23 (2008) 317-327. [PMID: 18569334]
15. Nishino, T., Okamoto, K., Eger, B.T., Pai, E.F. and Nishino, T. Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase - mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. FEBS J. 275 (2008) 3278-3289. [PMID: 18513323]
Accepted name: nicotinate dehydrogenase
Reaction: nicotinate + H2O + NADP+ = 6-hydroxynicotinate + NADPH + H+
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): nicotinic acid hydroxylase; nicotinate hydroxylase
Systematic name: nicotinate:NADP+ 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: A flavoprotein containing non-heme iron. The enzyme is capable of acting on a variety of nicotinate analogues to varying degrees, including pyrazine-2-carboxylate, pyrazine 2,3-dicarboxylate, trigonelline and 6-methylnicotinate. The enzyme from Clostridium barkeri also possesses a catalytically essential, labile selenium that can be removed by reaction with cyanide.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9059-03-4
References:
1. Holcenberg, J.S. and Stadtman, E.R. Nicotinic acid metabolism. 3. Purification and properties of a nicotinic acid hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 1194-1203. [PMID: 4388026]
2. Gladyshev, V.N., Khangulov, S.V. and Stadtman, T.C. Properties of the selenium- and molybdenum-containing nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri. Biochemistry 35 (1996) 212-223. [PMID: 8555176]
3. Gladyshev, V.N., Khangulov, S.V. and Stadtman, T.C. Nicotinic-acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri - electron-paramagnetic-resonance studies show that selenium is coordinated with molybdenum in the catalytically active selenium-dependent enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 232-236. [PMID: 8278371]
4. Dilworth, G.L. Occurrence of molybdenum in the nicotinic-acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221 (1983) 565-569. [PMID: 6838209]
5. Dilworth, G.L. Properties of the selenium-containing moiety of nicotinic-acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 219 (1983) 30-38.
6. Nagel, M. and Andreesen, J.R. Purification and characterization of the molybdoenzymes nicotinate dehydrogenase and 6-hydroxynicotinate dehydrogenase from Bacillus niacini. Arch. Microbiol. 154 (1990) 605-613.
[EC 1.17.1.6 Transferred entry: now EC 1.17.99.5, bile-acid 7α-dehydroxylase. It is now known that FAD is the acceptor and not NAD+ as was thought previously. (EC 1.17.1.6 created 2005, deleted 2006)]
Accepted name: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde + NADP+ + H2O = 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA = 3,8-dioxooct-5-enoyl-CoA
Other name(s): paaZ (gene name)
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Escherichia coli is a bifunctional fusion protein that also catalyses EC 3.7.1.16, oxepin-CoA hydrolase. Combined the two activities result in a two-step conversion of oxepin-CoA to 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA, part of an aerobic phenylacetate degradation pathway.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Ferrandez, A., Minambres, B., Garcia, B., Olivera, E.R., Luengo, J.M., Garcia, J.L. and Diaz, E. Catabolism of phenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a new aerobic hybrid pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 25974-25986. [PMID: 9748275]
2. Ismail, W., El-Said Mohamed, M., Wanner, B.L., Datsenko, K.A., Eisenreich, W., Rohdich, F., Bacher, A. and Fuchs, G. Functional genomics by NMR spectroscopy. Phenylacetate catabolism in Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 270 (2003) 3047-3054. [PMID: 12846838]
3. Teufel, R., Mascaraque, V., Ismail, W., Voss, M., Perera, J., Eisenreich, W., Haehnel, W. and Fuchs, G. Bacterial phenylalanine and phenylacetate catabolic pathway revealed. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107 (2010) 14390-14395. [PMID: 20660314]
Accepted name: 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase
Reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + NAD(P)H + H+
Glossary: (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate
(S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate = (2S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate
Other name(s): dihydrodipicolinate reductase (incorrect); dihydrodipicolinic acid reductase (incorrect); 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (incorrect); dapB (gene name)
Systematic name: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate:NAD(P)+ 4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Studies [2] of the enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli have shown that the enzyme accepts (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate and not (S)-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate as originally thought [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Farkas, W. and Gilvarg, C. The reduction step in diaminopimelic acid biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 240 (1965) 4717-4722. [PMID: 4378965]
2. Devenish, S.R., Blunt, J.W. and Gerrard, J.A. NMR studies uncover alternate substrates for dihydrodipicolinate synthase and suggest that dihydrodipicolinate reductase is also a dehydratase. J Med Chem 53 (2010) 4808-4812. [PMID: 20503968]
Accepted name: nicotinate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Reaction: nicotinate + a ferricytochrome + H2O = 6-hydroxynicotinate + a ferrocytochrome
Other name(s): nicotinic acid hydroxylase; nicotinate hydroxylase
Systematic name: nicotinate:cytochrome 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: This two-component enzyme from Pseudomonas belongs to the family of xanthine dehydrogenases, but differs from most other members of this family. While most members contain an FAD cofactor, the large subunit of this enzyme contains three c-type cytochromes, enabling it to interact with the electron transfer chain, probably by delivering the electrons to a cytochrome oxidase. The small subunit contains a typical molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide(MCD) cofactor and two [2Fe-2S] clusters [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Jimenez, J.I., Canales, A., Jimenez-Barbero, J., Ginalski, K., Rychlewski, L., Garcia, J.L. and Diaz, E. Deciphering the genetic determinants for aerobic nicotinic acid degradation: the nic cluster from Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 (2008) 11329-11334. [PMID: 18678916]
2. Yang, Y., Yuan, S., Chen, T., Ma, P., Shang, G. and Dai, Y. Cloning, heterologous expression, and functional characterization of the nicotinate dehydrogenase gene from Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Biodegradation 20 (2009) 541-549. [PMID: 19118407]
Accepted name: lupanine 17-hydroxylase (cytochrome c)
Reaction: lupanine + 2 ferricytochrome c + H2O = 17-hydroxylupanine + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+
Other name(s): lupanine dehydrogenase (cytochrome c)
Systematic name: lupanine:cytochrome c-oxidoreductase (17-hydroxylating)
Comments: The enzyme isolated from Pseudomonas putida contains heme c and requires pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) for activity
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Hopper, D.J., Rogozinski, J. and Toczko, M. Lupanine hydroxylase, a quinocytochrome c from an alkaloid-degrading Pseudomonas sp. Biochem. J. 279 (1991) 105-109. [PMID: 1656935]
2. Hopper, D.J. and Kaderbhai, M.A. The quinohaemoprotein lupanine hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1647 (2003) 110-115. [PMID: 12686118]
Accepted name: pteridine oxidase
Reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine + O2 = 2-amino-4,7-dihydroxypteridine + (?)
Systematic name: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating)
Comments: Different from EC 1.17.3.2 xanthine oxidase; does not act on hypoxanthine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 74082-65-8
References:
1. Yong, Y.-N. Detection of a pteridine oxidase in plants. Plant Sci. Lett. 18 (1980) 169-175.
Accepted name: xanthine oxidase
Reaction: xanthine + H2O + O2 = urate + H2O2
For diagram of reaction, click here
Glossary: 4-mercuribenzoate = (4-carboxylatophenyl)mercury
Other name(s): hypoxanthine oxidase; hypoxanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase; Schardinger enzyme; xanthine oxidoreductase; hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase; xanthine:O2 oxidoreductase; xanthine:xanthine oxidase
Systematic name: xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein (FAD) containing [2Fe-2S] centres. Also oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes, but is distinct from EC 1.2.3.1, aldehyde oxidase. Under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 O2.- + 2 H+. The mammalian enzyme predominantly exists as an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (EC 1.17.1.4, xanthine dehydrogenase). During purification the enzyme is largely converted to the O2-dependent xanthine oxidase form (EC 1.17.3.2). The conversion can be triggered by several mechanisms, including the oxidation of cysteine thiols to form disulfide bonds [4,5,7,10] [which can be catalysed by EC 1.8.4.7, enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulfide) in the presence of glutathione disulfide] or limited proteolysis, which results in irreversible conversion. The conversion can also occur in vivo [4,6,10].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 9002-17-9
References:
1. Avis, P.G., Bergel, F. and Bray, R.C. Cellular constituents. The chemistry of xanthine oxidase. Part I. The preparation of a crystalline xanthine oxidase from cow's milk. J. Chem. Soc. (Lond.) (1955) 1100-1105.
2. Battelli, M.G. and Lorenzoni, E. Purification and properties of a new glutathione-dependent thiol:disulphide oxidoreductase from rat liver. Biochem. J. 207 (1982) 133-138. [PMID: 6960894]
3. Bray, R.C. Xanthine oxidase. In: Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrbäck, K. (Eds), The Enzymes, 2nd edn, vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 533-556.
4. Della Corte, E. and Stirpe, F. The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase. Involvement of thiol groups in the conversion of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) into oxidase (type O) and purification of the enzyme. Biochem. J. 126 (1972) 739-745. [PMID: 4342395]
5. Ikegami, T. and Nishino, T. The presence of desulfo xanthine dehydrogenase in purified and crude enzyme preparations from rat liver. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 247 (1986) 254-260. [PMID: 3459393]
6. Engerson, T.D., McKelvey, T.G., Rhyne, D.B., Boggio, E.B., Snyder, S.J. and Jones, H.P. Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat tissues. J. Clin. Invest. 79 (1987) 1564-1570. [PMID: 3294898]
7. Saito, T., Nishino, T. and Tsushima, K. Interconversion between NAD-dependent and O2-dependent types of rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase and difference in kinetic and redox properties between them. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 253B (1989) 179-183. [PMID: 2610112]
8. Carpani, G., Racchi, M., Ghezzi, P., Terao, M. and Garattini, E. Purification and characterization of mouse liver xanthine oxidase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 279 (1990) 237-241. [PMID: 2350174]
9. Eger, B.T., Okamoto, K., Enroth, C., Sato, M., Nishino, T., Pai, E.F. and Nishino, T. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase isolated from bovine milk. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 56 (2000) 1656-1658. [PMID: 11092937]
10. Nishino, T., Okamoto, K., Eger, B.T., Pai, E.F. and Nishino, T. Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase - mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. FEBS J. 275 (2008) 3278-3289. [PMID: 18513323]
Accepted name: 6-hydroxynicotinate dehydrogenase
Reaction: 6-hydroxynicotinate + H2O + O2 = 2,6-dihydroxynicotinate + H2O2
Other name(s): 6-hydroxynicotinic acid hydroxylase; 6-hydroxynicotinic acid dehydrogenase; 6-hydroxynicotinate hydroxylase
Systematic name: 6-hydroxynicotinate:O2 oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur centres, FAD and molybdenum. It also has a catalytically essential, labile selenium that can be removed by reaction with cyanide. In Bacillus niacini, this enzyme is required for growth on nicotinic acid.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 122191-32-6
References:
1. Nagel, M. and Andreesen, J.R. Molybdenum-dependent degradation of nicotinic acid by Bacillus sp. DSM 2923. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 59 (1989) 147-152.
2. Nagel, M. and Andreesen, J.R. Purification and characterization of the molybdoenzymes nicotinate dehydrogenase and 6-hydroxynicotinate dehydrogenase from Bacillus niacini. Arch. Microbiol. 154 (1990) 605-613.
Accepted name: ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase
Reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin
Other name(s): ribonucleotide reductase; CDP reductase; ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase; UDP reductase; ADP reductase; nucleoside diphosphate reductase; ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate reductase; ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase; 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase: RR
Systematic name: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme is responsible for the de novo conversion of ribonucleoside diphosphates into deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, which are essential for DNA synthesis and repair. An iron protein. While the enzyme is activated by ATP, it is inhibited by dATP [3,6].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9047-64-7
References:
1. Lammers, M. and Follmann, H. The ribonucleotide reductases - a unique group of metalloenzymes essential for cell-proliferation. Struct. Bonding 54 (1983) 27-91.
2. Larsson, A. Ribonucleotide reductase from regenerating rat liver. II. Substrate phosphorylation level and effect of deoxyadenosine triphosphate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 324 (1973) 447-451. [PMID: 4543472]
3. Larsson, A. and Reichard, P. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. IX. Allosteric effects in the reduction of pyrimidine ribonucleotides by the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase system of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 2533-2539. [PMID: 5330119]
4. Larsson, A. and Reichard, P. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. X. Reduction of purine ribonucleotides; allosteric behavior and substrate specificity of the enzyme system from Escherichia coli B. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 2540-2549. [PMID: 5330120]
5. Moore, E.C. and Hurlbert, R.B. Regulation of mammalian deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis by nucleotides as activators and inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 4802-4809. [PMID: 5926184]
6. Qiu, W., Zhou, B., Darwish, D., Shao, J. and Yen, Y. Characterization of enzymatic properties of human ribonucleotide reductase holoenzyme reconstituted in vitro from hRRM1, hRRM2, and p53R2 subunits. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 340 (2006) 428-434. [PMID: 16376858]
Accepted name: ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase
Reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin
Other name(s): ribonucleotide reductase; 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires a cobamide coenzyme and ATP.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9068-66-0
References:
1. Blakley, R.L. Cobamides and ribonucleotide reduction. I. Cobamide stimulation of ribonucleotide reduction in extracts of Lactobacillus leichmannii. J. Biol. Chem. 240 (1965) 2173-2180.
2. Goulian, M. and Beck, W.S. Purification and properties of cobamide-dependent ribonucleotide reductase from Lactobacillus leichmannii. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 4233-4242. [PMID: 5924645]
3. Lammers, M. and Follmann, H. The ribonucleotide reductases - a unique group of metalloenzymes essential for cell-proliferation. Struct. Bonding 54 (1983) 27-91.
[EC 1.17.4.3 Transferred entry: 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase. As ferredoxin and not protein-disulfide is now known to take part in the reaction, the enzyme has been transferred to EC 1.17.7.1, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase. (EC 1.17.4.3 created 2003, deleted 2009)]
EC 1.17.5.2 caffeine dehydrogenase
Accepted name: phenylacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Reaction: phenylacetyl-CoA + H2O + 2 quinone = phenylglyoxylyl-CoA + 2 quinol
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase
Systematic name: phenylacetyl-CoA:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Thauera aromatica is a membrane-bound molybdenum—iron—sulfur protein. The enzyme is specific for phenylacetyl-CoA as substrate. Phenylacetate, acetyl-CoA, benzoyl-CoA, propanoyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA cannot act as substrates. The oxygen atom introduced into the product, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, is derived from water and not molecular oxygen. Duroquinone, menaquinone and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) can act as acceptor, but the likely physiological acceptor is ubiquinone [1]. A second enzyme, EC 3.1.2.25, phenylacetyl-CoA hydrolase, converts the phenylglyoxylyl-CoA formed into phenylglyoxylate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 210756-43-7
References:
1. Rhee, S.K. and Fuchs, G. Phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase, a membrane-bound molybdenum-iron-sulfur enzyme involved in anaerobic metabolism of phenylalanine in the denitrifying bacterium Thauera aromatica. Eur. J. Biochem. 262 (1999) 507-515. [PMID: 10336636]
2. Schneider, S. and Fuchs, G. Phenylacetyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase, a new α-oxidizing enzyme that produces phenylglyoxylate. Assay, membrane localization, and differential production in Thauera aromatica. Arch. Microbiol. 169 (1998) 509-516. [PMID: 9575237]
Accepted name: caffeine dehydrogenase
Reaction: caffeine + ubiquinone + H2O = 1,3,7-trimethylurate + ubiquinol
Glossary: caffeine = 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
Systematic name: caffeine:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme, characterized from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas sp. CBB1, catalyses the incorporation of an oxygen atom originating from a water molecule into position C-8 of caffeine. The enzyme utilizes short-tail ubiquinones as the preferred electron acceptor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Yu, C.L., Kale, Y., Gopishetty, S., Louie, T.M. and Subramanian, M. A novel caffeine dehydrogenase in Pseudomonas sp. strain CBB1 oxidizes caffeine to trimethyluric acid. J. Bacteriol. 190 (2008) 772-776. [PMID: 17981969]
Accepted name: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase
Reaction: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate + 2 reduced ferredoxin
For diagram of reaction, click here
Other name(s): 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase; (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl-diphosphate:protein-disulfide oxidoreductase (hydrating) (incorrect); (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase; GcpE
Systematic name: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl-diphosphate:oxidized ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein that contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster [1,2]. Forms, in the reverse direction, part of an alternative non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that is found in most bacteria and in plant chloroplasts [4]. The enzyme from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is active with photoreduced 5-deazaflavin but not with the flavodoxin/flavodoxin reductase/NADPH system that can be used as an electron donor by Escherichia coli [2]. Metabolites derived from isoprenoids play important roles in systems such as electron transport, photosynthesis, plant defense responses, hormonal regulation of development and membrane fluidity [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 398144-56-4
References:
1. Hecht, S., Eisenreich, W., Adam, P., Amslinger, S., Kis, K., Bacher, A., Arigoni, D. and Rohdich, F. Studies on the nonmevalonate pathway to terpenes: the role of the GcpE (IspG) protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 14837-14842. [PMID: 11752431]
2. Okada, K. and Hase, T. Cyanobacterial non-mevalonate pathway: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase interacts with ferredoxin in Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 20672-20679. [PMID: 15792953]
3. Seemann, M., Wegner, P., Schünemann, V., Bui, B.T.S., Wolff, M., Marquet, A., Trautwein, A.X. and Rohmer, M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in chloroplasts via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (GcpE) from Arabidopsis thaliana is a [4Fe-4S] protein. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 10 (2005) 131-137. [PMID: 15650872]
4. Seemann, M., Bui, B.T.S., Wolff, M., Tritsch, D., Campos, N., Boronat, A., Marquet, A. and Rohmer, M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis through the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: the (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (GcpE) is a [4Fe-4S] protein. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 41 (2002) 4337-4339. [PMID: 12434382]
5. Seemann, M., Bui, T.S.B., Wolff, M., Miginiac-Maslow, M. and Rohmer, M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in plant chloroplasts via the MEP pathway: direct thylakoid/ferredoxin-dependent photoreduction of GcpE/IspG. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 1547-1552. [PMID: 16480720]
Accepted name: 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase
Reaction: 71-hydroxychlorophyll a + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = chlorophyll a + 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2O
For diagram of reaction click here
Glossary: 71-hydroxychlorophyll a = 7-hydroxymethyl-chlorophyll a
Other name(s): HCAR
Systematic name: 71-hydroxychlorophyll a:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains FAD and an iron-sulfur center. This enzyme, which is present in plant chloroplasts, carries out the second step in the conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a (cf. EC 1.1.1.294, chlorophyll(ide) b reductase). It similarly reduces chlorophyllide a.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Meguro, M., Ito, H., Takabayashi, A., Tanaka, R. and Tanaka, A. Identification of the 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase of the chlorophyll cycle in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 23 (2011) 3442-3453. [PMID: 21934147]
Accepted name: 4-methylphenol dehydrogenase (hydroxylating)
Reaction: 4-methylphenol + acceptor + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Glossary: 4-methylphenol = 4-cresol = p-cresol
Other name(s): p-cresol-(acceptor) oxidoreductase (hydroxylating); p-cresol methylhydroxylase; 4-cresol dehydrogenase (hydroxylating)
Systematic name: 4-methylphenol:acceptor oxidoreductase (methyl-hydroxylating)
Comments: A flavocytochrome c (FAD). Phenazine methosulfate can act as acceptor. A quinone methide is probably formed as intermediate. The first hydroxylation forms 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; a second hydroxylation converts this into 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 66772-07-4
References:
1. Hopper, D.J. and Taylor, D.G. The purification and properties of p-cresol-(acceptor) oxidoreductase (hydroxylating), a flavocytochrome from Pseudomonas putida. Biochem. J. 167 (1977) 155-162. [PMID: 588247]
2. McIntire, W., Edmondson, D.E. and Singer, T.P. 8α-O-Tyrosyl-FAD: a new form of covalently bound flavin from p-cresol methylhydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980) 6553-6555. [PMID: 7391034]
Accepted name: ethylbenzene hydroxylase
Reaction: ethylbenzene + H2O + acceptor = (S)-1-phenylethanol + reduced acceptor
For diagram click here.
Other names: ethylbenzene dehydrogenase; ethylbenzene:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: ethylbenzene:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the anaerobic catabolism of ethylbenzene by denitrifying bacteria. Ethylbenzene is the preferred substrate; the enzyme from some strains oxidizes propylbenzene, 1-ethyl-4-fluorobenzene, 3-methylpent-2-ene and ethylidenecyclohexane. Toluene is not oxidized. p-Benzoquinone or ferrocenium can act as electron acceptor. Contains molybdopterin, [4Fe-4S] clusters and heme b.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 372947-56-3
References:
1. Kniemeyer, O. and Heider, J. Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, a novel hydrocarbon-oxidising molybdenum/iron-sulfur/heme enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 21381-21386. [PMID: 11294876]
2. Johnson, H.A., Pelletier, D.A. and Spormann, A.M. Isolation and characterisation of anaerobic ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, a novel Mo-Fe-S enzyme. J. Bacteriol. 183 (2001) 4536-4542. [PMID: 11443088]
Accepted name: 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoyl-CoA 24-hydroxylase
Reaction: (25R)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + H2O + acceptor = (24R,25R)-3α,7α,12α,24-tetrahydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA + reduced acceptor
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA oxidase; THC-CoA oxidase; THCA-CoA oxidase; 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoyl-CoA oxidase; 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oate 24-hydroxylase
Systematic name: (25R)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA:acceptor 24-oxidoreductase (24R-hydroxylating)
Comments: Requires ATP. The reaction in mammals possibly involves dehydrogenation to give a 24(25)-double bond followed by hydration [1]. However, in amphibians such as the Oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis), it is probable that the product is formed via direct hydroxylation of the saturated side chain of (25R)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oate and not via hydration of a 24(25) double bond [5]. In microsomes, the free acid is preferred to the coenzyme A ester, whereas in mitochondria, the coenzyme A ester is preferred to the free-acid form of the substrate [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 119799-47-2
References:
1. Gustafsson, J. Biosynthesis of cholic acid in rat liver. 24-Hydroxylation of 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 250 (1975) 8243-8247. [PMID: 240854]
2. Schepers, L., Van Veldhoven, P.P., Casteels, M., Eyssen, H.J. and Mannaerts, G.P. Presence of three acyl-CoA oxidases in rat liver peroxisomes. An inducible fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, a noninducible fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, and a noninducible trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 5242-5246. [PMID: 2156865]
3. Dieuaide-Noubhani, M., Novikov, D., Baumgart, E., Vanhooren, J.C., Fransen, M., Goethals, M., Vandekerckhove, J., Van Veldhoven, P.P. and Mannaerts, G.P. Further characterization of the peroxisomal 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenases from rat liver. Relationship between the different dehydrogenases and evidence that fatty acids and the C27 bile acids di- and tri-hydroxycoprostanic acids are metabolized by separate multifunctional proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 240 (1996) 660-666. [PMID: 8856068]
4. Dieuaide-Noubhani, M., Novikov, D., Baumgart, E., Vanhooren, J.C., Fransen, M., Goethals, M., Vandekerckhove, J., Van Veldhoven, P.P. and Mannaerts, G.P. Erratum report. Further characterization of the peroxisomal 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenases from rat liver. Relationship between the different dehydrogenases and evidence that fatty acids and the C27 bile acids di- and tri-hydroxycoprostanic acids are metabolized by separate multifunctional proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 243 (1997) 537. [PMID: 8856068]
5. Pedersen, J.I., Eggertsen, G., Hellman, U., Andersson, U. and Björkhem, I. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoyl-CoA oxidase from rabbit liver. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 18481-18489. [PMID: 9218493]
6. Russell, D.W. The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72 (2003) 137-174. [PMID: 12543708]
Accepted name: uracil/thymine dehydrogenase
Reaction: (1) uracil + H2O + acceptor = barbiturate + reduced acceptor
(2) thymine + H2O + acceptor = 5-methylbarbiturate + reduced acceptor
For diagram, click here
Other name(s): uracil oxidase; uracil-thymine oxidase; uracil dehydrogenase
Systematic name: uracil:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Forms part of the oxidative pyrimidine-degrading pathway in some microorganisms, along with EC 3.5.2.1 (barbiturase) and EC 3.5.1.95 (N-malonylurea hydrolase). Mammals, plants and other microorganisms utilize the reductive pathway, comprising EC 1.3.1.1 [dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+)] or EC 1.3.1.2 [dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+)], EC 3.5.2.2 (dihydropyrimidinase) and EC 3.5.1.6 (β-ureidopropionase), with the ultimate degradation products being an L-amino acid, NH3 and CO2 [5].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Hayaishi, O. and Kornberg, A. Metabolism of cytosine, thymine, uracil, and barbituric acid by bacterial enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 197 (1952) 717-723. [PMID: 12981104]
2. Wang, T.P. and Lampen, J.O. Metabolism of pyrimidines by a soil bacterium. J. Biol. Chem. 194 (1952) 775-783. [PMID: 14927671]
3. Wang, T.P. and Lampen, J.O. Metabolism of pyrimidines by a soil bacterium. J. Biol. Chem. 194 (1952) 775-783. [PMID: 14927671]
4. Lara, F.J.S. On the decomposition of pyrimidines by bacteria. II. Studies with cell-free enzyme preparations. J. Bacteriol. 64 (1952) 279-285. [PMID: 14955523]
5. Soong, C.L., Ogawa, J. and Shimizu, S. Novel amidohydrolytic reactions in oxidative pyrimidine metabolism: analysis of the barbiturase reaction and discovery of a novel enzyme, ureidomalonase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (2001) 222-226. [PMID: 11485332]
Accepted name: bile-acid 7α-dehydroxylase
Reaction: (1) deoxycholate + FAD + H2O = cholate + FADH2
(2) lithocholate + FAD + H2O = chenodeoxycholate + FADH2
For diagram click here and mechanism click here.
Glossary: allodeoxycholate = 3α,12α-dihydroxy-5α-cholan-24-oate
cholate = 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate
chenodeoxycholate = 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate
deoxycholate = 3α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate
lithocholate = 3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate
Other name(s): cholate 7α-dehydroxylase; 7α-dehydroxylase; bile acid 7-dehydroxylase; deoxycholate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Systematic name: deoxycholate:FAD oxidoreductase (7α-dehydroxylating)
Comments: Under physiological conditions, the reactions occur in the reverse direction to that shown above. This enzyme is highly specific for bile-acid substrates and requires a free C-24 carboxy group and an unhindered 7α-hydroxy group on the B-ring of the steroid nucleus for activity, as found in cholate and chenodeoxycholate. The reaction is stimulated by the presence of NAD+ but is inhibited by excess NADH. This unusual regulation by the NAD+/NADH ratio is most likely the result of the intermediates being linked at C-24 by an anhydride bond to the 5'-diphosphate of 3'-phospho-ADP [2,5,6]. Allodeoxycholate is also formed as a side-product of the 7α-dehydroxylation of cholate [6]. The enzyme is present in intestinal anaerobic bacteria [6], even though its products are important in mammalian physiology.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 85130-33-2
References:
1. White, B.A., Cacciapuoti, A.F., Fricke, R.J., Whitehead, T.R., Mosbach, E.H. and Hylemon, P.B. Cofactor requirements for 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid in cell extracts of the intestinal anaerobic bacterium, Eubacterium species V.P.I. 12708. J. Lipid Res. 22 (1981) 891-898. [PMID: 7276750]
2. White, B.A., Paone, D.A., Cacciapuoti, A.F., Fricke, R.J., Mosbach, E.H. and Hylemon, P.B. Regulation of bile acid 7-dehydroxylase activity by NAD+ and NADH in cell extracts of Eubacterium species V.P.I. 12708. J. Lipid Res. 24 (1983) 20-27. [PMID: 6833878]
3. Coleman, J.P., White, W.B. and Hylemon, P.B. Molecular cloning of bile acid 7-dehydroxylase from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708. J. Bacteriol. 169 (1987) 1516-1521. [PMID: 3549693]
4. Russell, D.W. The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72 (2003) 137-174. [PMID: 12543708]
5. Coleman, J.P., White, W.B., Egestad, B., Sjövall, J. and Hylemon, P.B. Biosynthesis of a novel bile acid nucleotide and mechanism of 7α-dehydroxylation by an intestinal Eubacterium species. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 4701-4707. [PMID: 3558364]
6. Hylemon, P.B., Melone, P.D., Franklund, C.V., Lund, E. and Björkhem, I. Mechanism of intestinal 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic acid: evidence that allo-deoxycholic acid is an inducible side-product. J. Lipid Res. 32 (1991) 89-96. [PMID: 2010697]
EC 1.18.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
EC 1.18.6 With dinitrogen as acceptor
EC 1.18.99 With H+ as acceptor
Accepted name: rubredoxin—NAD+ reductase
Reaction: 2 reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ + H+ = 2 oxidized rubredoxin + NADH
Glossary entries:
rubredoxin
Other name(s): rubredoxin reductase; rubredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase; dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-rubredoxin reductase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-rubredoxin reductase; NADH-rubredoxin reductase; rubredoxin-NAD reductase; NADH: rubredoxin oxidoreductase; DPNH-rubredoxin reductase; NADH-rubredoxin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: rubredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires FAD. The enzyme from Clostridium acetobutylicum reduces rubredoxin, ferricyanide and dichlorophenolindophenol, but not ferredoxin or flavodoxin. The reaction does not occur when NADPH is substituted for NADH. Contains iron at the redox centre. Formerly EC 1.6.7.2.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9032-27-3
References:
1. Peterson, J.A., Kusunose, M., Kusunose, E. and Coon, M.J. Enzymatic ω-oxidation. II. Function of rubredoxin as the electron carrier in ω-hydroxylation. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1967) 4334-4340. [PMID: 4294330]
2. Ueda, T., Lode, E.T. and Coon, M.J. Enzymatic ω-oxidation. VI. Isolation of homogeneous reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-rubredoxin reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 2109-2116. [PMID: 4335861]
3. Ueda, T., Lode, E.T. and Coon, M.J. Enzymatic oxidation. VII. Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-rubredoxin reductase: properties and function as an electron carrier in hydroxylation. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 5010-5016. [PMID: 4403503]
4. Petitdemange, H., Marczak, R., Blusson, H. and Gay, R. Isolation and properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide rubredoxin oxidoreductase of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 91 (1979) 1258-1265. [PMID: 526302]
Accepted name: ferredoxin—NADP+ reductase
Reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + NADP+ + H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + NADPH
For diagram of reaction, click here
Other name(s): ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase; ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase; TPNH-ferredoxin reductase; ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase; NADP+:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; ferredoxin-TPN reductase; ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase; NADPH:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; ferredoxin-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized) reductase
Systematic name: ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD). In chloroplasts and cyanobacteria the enzyme acts on plant-type [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins, but in other bacteria it can also reduce bacterial 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxins and flavodoxin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-33-8
References:
1. Shin, M., Tagawa, K. and Arnon, D.I. Crystallization of ferredoxin-TPN reductase and its role in the photosynthetic apparatus of chloroplasts. Biochem. Z. 338 (1963) 84-96.
2. Knaff, D.B. and Hirasawa, M. Ferredoxin-dependent chloroplast enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1056 (1991) 93-125. [PMID: 1671559]
3. Karplus, P.A., Daniels, M.J. and Herriott, J.R. Atomic structure of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase: prototype for a structurally novel flavoenzyme family. Science 251 (1991) 60-66. [PMID: 1986412]
4. Morales, R., Charon, M.H., Kachalova, G., Serre, L., Medina, M., Gomez-Moreno, C. and Frey, M. A redox-dependent interaction between two electron-transfer partners involved in photosynthesis. EMBO Rep. 1 (2000) 271-276. [PMID: 11256611]
Accepted name: ferredoxin—NAD+ reductase
Reaction: (1) 2 reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin + NAD+ + H+ = 2 oxidized [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin + NADH
(2) reduced 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin + NAD+ + H+ = oxidized 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin + NADH
Glossary: ferredoxin
Other name(s): ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase; ferredoxin reductase; NAD+-ferredoxin reductase; NADH-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; reductase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ferredoxin; ferredoxin-NAD+ reductase; NADH-ferredoxin reductase; NADH2-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; NADH flavodoxin oxidoreductase; NADH-ferredoxinNAP reductase (component of naphthalene dioxygenase multicomponent enzyme system); ferredoxin-linked NAD+ reductase; NADH-ferredoxinTOL reductase (component of toluene dioxygenase); ferredoxin—NAD reductase
Systematic name: ferredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains FAD. Reaction (1) is written for a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin, which is characteristic of some mono- and dioxygenase systems. The alternative reaction (2) is written for a 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin, which transfers two electrons, and occurs in metabolism of anaerobic bacteria.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 39369-37-4
References:
1. Jungerman, K., Thauer, R.F., Leimenstoll, G. and Decker, K. Function of reduced pyridine nucleotide-ferredoxin oxidoreductases in saccharolytic Clostridia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305 (1973) 268-280. [PMID: 4147457]
2. Haigler, B.E. and Gibson, D.T. Purification and properties of NADH-ferredoxinNAP reductase, a component of naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816. J. Bacteriol. 172 (1990) 457-464. [PMID: 2294092]
3. Ramachandra, M., Seetharam, R., Emptage, M.H. and Sariaslani, F.S. Purification and characterization of a soybean flour-inducible ferredoxin reductase of Streptomyces griseus. J. Bacteriol. 173 (1991) 7106-7112. [PMID: 1938912]
4. Shaw, J.P. and Harayama, S. Purification and characterisation of the NADH:acceptor reductase component of xylene monooxygenase encoded by the TOL plasmid pWW0 of Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Eur. J. Biochem. 209 (1992) 51-61. [PMID: 1327782]
Accepted name: rubredoxin—NAD(P)+ reductase
Reaction: 2 reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ + H+ = 2 oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H
Glossary: benzyl viologen = 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium
2,6-dichloroindophenol = 4-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylimino)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one
menadione = 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
rubredoxin
Other name(s): rubredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reductase; rubredoxin-nicotinamide adenine; dinucleotide phosphate reductase; NAD(P)+-rubredoxin oxidoreductase; NAD(P)H-rubredoxin oxidoreductase
Systematic name: rubredoxin:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from Pyrococcus furiosus requires FAD. It reduces a number of electron carriers, including benzyl viologen, menadione and 2,6-dichloroindophenol, but rubredoxin is the most efficient. Ferredoxin is not utilized.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 80237-97-4
References:
1. Petitdemange, H., Blusson, H. and Gay, R. Detection of NAD(P)H-rubredoxin oxidoreductases in Clostridia. Anal. Biochem. 116 (1981) 564-570. [PMID: 6274224]
2. Ma, K. and Adams, M.W.W. A hyperactive NAD(P)H:rubredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Bacteriol. 181 (1999) 5530-5533. [PMID: 10464233]
Accepted name: putidaredoxin—NAD+ reductase
Reaction: reduced putidaredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized putidaredoxin + NADH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): putidaredoxin reductase; camA (gene name)
Systematic name: putidaredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires FAD. The enzyme from Pseudomonas putida reduces putidaredoxin. It contains a [2Fe-2S] cluster. Involved in the camphor monooxygenase system (see EC 1.14.15.1, camphor 5-monooxygenase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Roome, P.W., Jr., Philley, J.C. and Peterson, J.A. Purification and properties of putidaredoxin reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983) 2593-2598. [PMID: 6401738]
2. Koga, H., Yamaguchi, E., Matsunaga, K., Aramaki, H. and Horiuchi, T. Cloning and nucleotide sequences of NADH-putidaredoxin reductase gene (camA) and putidaredoxin gene (camB) involved in cytochrome P-450cam hydroxylase of Pseudomonas putida. J. Biochem. 106 (1989) 831-836. [PMID: 2613690]
3. Peterson, J.A., Lorence, M.C. and Amarneh, B. Putidaredoxin reductase and putidaredoxin. Cloning, sequence determination, and heterologous expression of the proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 6066-6073. [PMID: 2180940]
4. Sevrioukova, I.F. and Poulos, T.L. Putidaredoxin reductase, a new function for an old protein. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 25831-25839. [PMID: 12011076]
5. Sevrioukova, I.F., Garcia, C., Li, H., Bhaskar, B. and Poulos, T.L. Crystal structure of putidaredoxin, the [2Fe-2S] component of the P450cam monooxygenase system from Pseudomonas putida. J. Mol. Biol. 333 (2003) 377-392. [PMID: 14529624]
6. Sevrioukova, I.F., Li, H. and Poulos, T.L. Crystal structure of putidaredoxin reductase from Pseudomonas putida, the final structural component of the cytochrome P450cam monooxygenase. J. Mol. Biol. 336 (2004) 889-902. [PMID: 15095867]
7. Smith, N., Mayhew, M., Holden, M.J., Kelly, H., Robinson, H., Heroux, A., Vilker, V.L. and Gallagher, D.T. Structure of C73G putidaredoxin from Pseudomonas putida. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 60 (2004) 816-822. [PMID: 15103126]
Accepted name: adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase
Reaction: 2 reduced adrenodoxin + NADP+ = 2 oxidized adrenodoxin + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): adrenodoxin reductase; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-adrenodoxin reductase; AdR; NADPH:adrenal ferredoxin oxidoreductase; ; NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase
Systematic name: adrenodoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD). The enzyme is the first component in the mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 electron transfer systems, and is involved in the biosynthesis of all steroid hormones.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Omura, T., Sanders, E., Estabrook, R.W., Cooper, D.Y. and Rosenthal, O. Isolation from adrenal cortex of a nonheme iron protein and a flavoprotein functional as a reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 117 (1966) 660-673.
2. Chu, J.W. and Kimura, T. Studies on adrenal steroid hydroxylases. Molecular and catalytic properties of adrenodoxin reductase (a flavoprotein). J. Biol. Chem. 248 (1973) 2089-2094. [PMID: 4144106]
3. Sugiyama, T. and Yamano, T. Purification and crystallization of NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. FEBS Lett 52 (1975) 145-148. [PMID: 235468]
4. Hanukoglu, I. and Jefcoate, C.R. Mitochondrial cytochrome P-450sec. Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980) 3057-3061. [PMID: 6766943]
5. Hanukoglu, I. and Hanukoglu, Z. Stoichiometry of mitochondrial cytochromes P-450, adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum. Implications for membrane organization and gene regulation. Eur. J. Biochem. 157 (1986) 27-31. [PMID: 3011431]
6. Hanukoglu, I. and Gutfinger, T. cDNA sequence of adrenodoxin reductase. Identification of NADP-binding sites in oxidoreductases. Eur. J. Biochem. 180 (1989) 479-484. [PMID: 2924777]
7. Ziegler, G.A., Vonrhein, C., Hanukoglu, I. and Schulz, G.E. The structure of adrenodoxin reductase of mitochondrial P450 systems: electron transfer for steroid biosynthesis. J. Mol. Biol. 289 (1999) 981-990. [PMID: 10369776]
[EC 1.18.3.1 Transferred entry: now listed as EC 1.18.99.1 hydrogenase (EC 1.18.3.1 created 1978, deleted 1984)]
Accepted name: nitrogenase
Reaction: 8 reduced ferredoxin + 8 H+ + N2 + 16 ATP + 16 H2O = 8 oxidized ferredoxin + H2 + 2 NH3 + 16 ADP + 16 phosphate
For diagram click here.
Systematic name: reduced ferredoxin:dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. It is composed of two proteins that can be separated but are both required for nitrogenase activity. Dinitrogen reductase is a [4Fe-4S] protein, which, with two molecules of ATP and ferredoxin, generates an electron. The electron is transferred to the other protein, dinitrogenase (molybdoferredoxin). Dinitrogenase is a molybdenum-iron protein that reduces dinitrogen in three succesive two-electron reductions from nitrogen to diimine to hydrazine to two molecules of ammonia. The molybdenum may be replaced by vanadium or iron. The reduction is initiated by formation of hydrogen in stoichiometric amounts [2]. Acetylene is reduced to ethylene (but only very slowly to ethane), azide to nitrogen and ammonia, and cyanide to methane and ammonia. In the absence of a suitable substrate, hydrogen is slowly formed. Ferredoxin may be replaced by flavodoxin [see EC 1.19.6.1 nitrogenase (flavodoxin)]. Formerly EC 1.18.2.1.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 9013-04-1
References:
1. Zumft, W.G., Paneque, A., Aparicio, P.J. and Losada, M. Mechanism of nitrate reduction in Chlorella. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 36 (1969) 980-986. [PMID: 4390523]
2. Liang, J. and Burris, R.H. Hydrogen burst associated with nitrogenase-catalyzed reactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988) 9446-9450. [PMID: 3200830]
3. Dance, I. The mechanism of nitrogenase. Computed details of the site and geometry of binding of alkyne and alkene substrates and intermediates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 11852-11863. [PMID: 15382920]
4. Chan, J.M., Wu, W., Dean, D.R. and Seefeldt, L.C. Construction and characterization of a heterodimeric iron protein: defining roles for adenosine triphosphate in nitrogenase catalysis. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 7221-7228. [PMID: 10852721]
[EC 1.18.96.1 Transferred entry: now EC 1.15.1.2, superoxide reductase (EC 1.18.96.1 created 2001, deleted 2001)]
[EC 1.18.99.1 Transferred entry: now EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase (EC 1.18.99.1 created 1961 as EC 1.98.1.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.12.1.1, transferred 1972 to EC 1.12.7.1, transferred 1978 to EC 1.18.3.1, transferred 1984 to EC 1.18.99.1, deleted 2002)]
Accepted name: nitrogenase (flavodoxin)
Reaction: 6 reduced flavodoxin + 6 H+ + N2 + n ATP = 6 oxidized flavodoxin + 2 NH3 + n ADP + n phosphate
Systematic name: reduced flavodoxin:dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing)
Comments: The enzyme is a complex of two proteins containing iron-sulfur centres and molybdenum. Formerly EC 1.19.2.1.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 9013-04-1
References:
1. Zumft, W.G. and Mortenson, L.E. The nitrogen-fixing complex of bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 416 (1975) 1-52. [PMID: 164247]
EC 1.20.1 With NAD(P)+ as acceptor
EC 1.20.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor
EC 1.20.4 With disulfide as acceptor
EC 1.20.9 With a copper protein as acceptor
EC 1.20.98 With other, known acceptors
EC 1.20.99 With other acceptors
EC 1.20.1 With NAD(P)+ as acceptor
Accepted name: phosphonate dehydrogenase
Reaction: phosphonate + NAD+ + H2O = phosphate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): NAD:phosphite oxidoreductase; phosphite dehydrogenase
Systematic name: phosphonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: NADP+ is a poor substitute for NAD+ in the enzyme from Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 9031-35-0
References:
1. Costas, A.M.G., White, A.K. and Metcalf, W.W. Purification and characterization of a novel phosphorus-oxidizing enzyme from Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 17429-17436. [PMID: 11278981]
2. Vrtis, J.M., White, A.K., Metcalf, W.W. and van der Donk, W.A. Phosphite dehydrogenase: An unusual phosphoryl transfer reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 2672-2673. [PMID: 11456941]
EC 1.20.2.1
Accepted name: arsenate reductase (cytochrome c)
Reaction: arsenite + H2O + 2 oxidized cytochrome c = arsenate + 2 reduced cytochrome c + 2 H+
Other name(s): arsenite oxidase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: arsenite:cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdoprotein containing iron-sulfur clusters. Isolated from α-proteobacteria. Unlike EC 1.20.9.1, arsenate reductase (azurin), it does not use azurin as acceptor.
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
Metacyc,
CAS registry number:
References:
1. vanden Hoven, R.N. and Santini, J.M. Arsenite oxidation by the heterotroph Hydrogenophaga sp. str. NT-14: the arsenite oxidase and its physiological electron acceptor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1656 (2004) 148-155. [PMID: 15178476]
2. Santini, J.M., Kappler, U., Ward, S.A., Honeychurch, M.J., vanden Hoven, R.N. and Bernhardt, P.V. The NT-26 cytochrome c552 and its role in arsenite oxidation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1767 (2007) 189-196. [PMID: 17306216]
3. Branco, R., Francisco, R., Chung, A.P. and Morais, P.V. Identification of an aox system that requires cytochrome c in the highly arsenic-resistant bacterium Ochrobactrum tritici SCII24. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 (2009) 5141-5147. [PMID: 19525272]
4. Lieutaud, A., van Lis, R., Duval, S., Capowiez, L., Muller, D., Lebrun, R., Lignon, S., Fardeau, M.L., Lett, M.C., Nitschke, W. and Schoepp-Cothenet, B. Arsenite oxidase from Ralstonia sp. 22: characterization of the enzyme and its interaction with soluble cytochromes. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 20433-20441. [PMID: 20421652]
EC 1.20.4 With disulfide as acceptor
EC 1.20.4.3 mycoredoxin
Accepted name: arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)
Reaction: arsenate + glutaredoxin = arsenite + glutaredoxin disulfide + H2O
For diagram of reaction click here.
Systematic name: glutharedoxin:arsenate oxidoreductase
Comments: A molybdoenzyme. The glutaredoxins catalyse glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductions and have a redox-active disulfide/dithiol in the active site (-Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys-) that forms a disulfide bond in the oxidized form [2, 10]. Glutaredoxins have a binding site for glutathione, which is required to reduce them to the dithiol form [3, 6]. Thioredoxins reduced by NADPH and thioredoxin reductase can act as alternative substrates. The enzyme [1, 4, 7, 9] is part of a system for detoxifying arsenate. Although the arsenite formed is more toxic than arsenate, it can be extruded from some bacteria by EC 3.6.3.16, arsenite-transporting ATPase; in other organisms, arsenite can be methylated by EC 2.1.1.137, arsenite methyltransferase, in a pathway to non-toxic organoarsenical compounds.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 146907-46-2
References:
1. Gladysheva, T., Liu, J.Y. and Rosen, B.P. His-8 lowers the pKa of the essential Cys-12 residue of the ArsC arsenate reductase of plasmid R773. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 33256-33260. [PMID: 8969183]
2. Gladysheva, T.B., Oden, K.L. and Rosen, B.P. Properties of the arsenate reductase of plasmid R773. Biochemistry 33 (1994) 7288-7293. [PMID: 8003492]
3. Holmgren, A. and Aslund, F. Glutaredoxin. Methods Enzymol. 252 (1995) 283-292. [PMID: 7476363]
4. Ji, G.Y., Garber, E.A.E., Armes, L.G., Chen, C.M., Fuchs, J.A. and Silver, S. Arsenate reductase of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid PI258. Biochemistry 33 (1994) 7294-7299. [PMID: 8003493 ]
5. Krafft, T. and Macy, J.M. Purification and characterization of the respiratory arsenate reductase of Chrysiogenes arsenatis. Eur. J. Biochem. 255 (1998) 647-653. [PMID: 9738904]
6. Martin, J.L. Thioredoxin - a fold for all reasons. Structure 3 (1995) 245-250. [PMID: 7788290]
7. Messens, J., Hayburn, G., Desmyter, A., Laus, G. and Wyns, L. The essential catalytic redox couple in arsenate reductase from Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 16857-16865. [PMID: 10606519]
8. Radabaugh, T.R. and Aposhian, H.V. Enzymatic reduction of arsenic compounds in mammalian systems: reduction of arsenate to arsenite by human liver arsenate reductase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13 (2000) 26-30. [PMID: 10649963]
9. Sato, T. and Kobayashi, Y. The ars operon in the skin element of Bacillus subtilis confers resistance to arsenate and arsenite. J. Bacteriol. 180 (1998) 1655-1661. [PMID: 9537360]
10. Shi, J., Vlamis-Gardikas, V., Aslund, F., Holmgren, A. and Rosen, B.P. Reactivity of glutaredoxins 1, 2, and 3 from Escherichia coli shows that glutaredoxin 2 is the primary hydrogen donor to ArsC-catalyzed arsenate reduction. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 36039-36042. [PMID: 10593884]
Accepted name: methylarsonate reductase
Reaction: methylarsonate + 2 glutathione = methylarsonite + glutathione disulfide + H2O
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): MMA(V) reductase
Systematic name: gluthathione:methylarsonate oxidoreductase
Comments: The product, Me-As(OH)2 (methylarsonous acid), is biologically methylated by EC 2.1.1.137, arsenite methyltransferase, to form cacodylic acid (dimethylarsinic acid).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 254889-62-8
References:
1. Zakharyan, R.A. and Aposhian, H.V. Enzymatic reduction of arsenic compounds in mammalian systems: the rate-limiting enzyme of rabbit liver arsenic biotransformation is MMA(V) reductase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12 (1999) 1278-1283. [PMID: 10604879]
Accepted name: mycoredoxin
Reaction: arseno-mycothiol + mycoredoxin = arsenite + mycothiol-mycoredoxin disulfide
Other name(s): Mrx1; MrxI
Systematic name: arseno-mycothiol:mycoredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduction of arsenate is part of a defense mechanism of the cell against toxic arsenate. The substrate arseno-mycothiol is formed by EC 2.8.4.2 (arsenate:mycothiol transferase). A second mycothiol recycles mycoredoxin and forms mycothione.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Ordonez, E., Van Belle, K., Roos, G., De Galan, S., Letek, M., Gil, J.A., Wyns, L., Mateos, L.M. and Messens, J. Arsenate reductase, mycothiol, and mycoredoxin concert thiol/disulfide exchange. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 15107-15116. [PMID: 19286650]
EC 1.20.9.1
Accepted name: arsenate reductase (azurin)
Reaction: arsenite + H2O + 2 oxidized azurin = arsenate + 2 reduced azurin + 2 H+
For diagram of reaction click here
Glossary: Azurin is a blue copper protein found in many bacteria, which undergoes oxidation-reduction between Cu(I) and Cu(II), and transfers single electrons between enzymes.
Other name(s): arsenite oxidase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: arsenite:azurin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains a molybdopterin centre comprising two molybdopterin guanosine dinucleotide cofactors bound to molybdenum, a [3Fe-4S] cluster and a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster. Isolated from β-proteobacteria. Also uses a c-type cytochrome or O2 as acceptors.
Links to other databases:
BRENDA,
EXPASY,
KEGG,
Metacyc,
PDB,
UM-BBD,
CAS registry number:
References:
1. Anderson, G.L., Williams, J. and Hille, R. The purification and characterization of arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis, a molybdenum-containing hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 23674-23682. [PMID: 1331097]
2. Ellis, P.J., Conrads, T., Hille, R. and Kuhn, P. Crystal structure of the 100 kDa arsenite oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis in two crystal forms at 1.64 Å and 2.03 Å. Structure 9 (2001) 125-132. [PMID: 11250197]
EC 1.20.98 With other, known acceptors
[EC 1.20.98.1 Transferred entry: arsenate reductase (azurin). Now EC 1.20.9.1, arsenate reductase (azurin) (EC 1.20.98.1 created 2001, deleted 2011)]
Accepted name: arsenate reductase (donor)
Reaction: arsenite + acceptor = arsenate + reduced acceptor
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): arsenate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: arsenate:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Benzyl viologen can act as an acceptor. Unlike EC 1.20.4.1, arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin), reduced glutaredoxin cannot serve as a reductant.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 146907-46-2 (same as E 1.20.98.1)
References:
1. Krafft, T. and Macy, J.M. Purification and characterization of the respiratory arsenate reductase of Chrysiogenes arsenatis. Eur. J. Biochem. 255 (1998) 647-653. [PMID: 9738904]
2. Radabaugh, T.R. and Aposhian, H.V. Enzymatic reduction of arsenic compounds in mammalian systems: reduction of arsenate to arsenite by human liver arsenate reductase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13 (2000) 26-30. [PMID: 10649963]
EC 1.21.3 With oxygen as acceptor
EC 1.21.99 With other acceptors
Accepted name: isopenicillin-N synthase
Reaction: N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + O2 = isopenicillin N + 2 H2O
For diagram click here and possible mechanism click here.
Other name(s): isopenicillin N synthetase
Systematic name: N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: Forms part of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway (for pathway, click here).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 78642-31-6
References:
1. Huffman, G.W., Gesellchen, P.D., Turner, J.R., Rothenberger, R.B., Osborne, H.E., Miller, F.D., Chapman, J.L. and Queener, S.W. Substrate specificity of isopenicillin N synthase. J. Med. Chem. 35 (1992) 1897-1914. [PMID: 1588566]
2. Roach, P.L., Clifton, I.J., Fulop, V., Harlos, K., Barton, G.J., Hajdu, J., Andersson, I., Schofield, C.J. and Baldwin, J.E. Crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase is the first from a new structural family of enzymes. Nature 375 (1995) 700-704. [PMID: 7791906]
Accepted name: columbamine oxidase
Reaction: 2 columbamine + O2 = 2 berberine + 2 H2O
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): berberine synthase
Systematic name: columbamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: An iron protein. Oxidation of the O-methoxyphenol structure forms the methylenedioxy group of berberine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 95329-18-3
References:
1. Rueffer, M. and Zenk, M.H. Berberine synthesis, the methylenedioxy group forming enzyme in berberine synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett. 26 (1985) 201-202.
Accepted name: reticuline oxidase
Reaction: (S)-reticuline + O2 = (S)-scoulerine + H2O2
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): BBE; berberine bridge enzyme; berberine-bridge-forming enzyme; tetrahydroprotoberberine synthase
Systematic name: (S)-reticuline:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylene-bridge-forming)
Comments: Contains FAD. The enzyme from the plant Eschscholtzia californica binds the cofactor covalently [3]. Acts on (S)-reticuline and related compounds, converting the N-methyl group into the methylene bridge ('berberine bridge') of (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberines. The product of the reaction, (S)-scoulerine, is a precursor of protopine, protoberberine and benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis in plants.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 152232-28-5
References:
1. Steffens, P., Nagakura, N. and Zenk, M.H. The berberine bridge forming enzyme in tetrahydroprotoberberine biosynthesis. Tetrahedron Lett. 25 (1984) 951-952.
2. Dittrich, H. and Kutchan, T.M. Molecular cloning, expression and induction of the berberine bridge enzyme, an enzyme essential to the formation of benzophenanthridine alkaloids in the response of plants to pathogenic attack. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 9969-9973. [PMID: 1946465]
3. Kutchan, T.M. and Dittrich, H. Characterization and mechanism of the berberine bridge enzyme, a covalently flavinylated oxidase of benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis in higher plants. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 24475-24481. [PMID: 7592663]
Accepted name: sulochrin oxidase [(+)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming]
Reaction: 2 sulochrin + O2 = 2 (+)-bisdechlorogeodin + 2 H2O
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): sulochrin oxidase
Systematic name: sulochrin:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, (+)-specific)
Comments: Also acts on several diphenols and phenylenediamines, but has low affinity for these substrates. Involved in the biosynthesis of mould metabolites related to the antibiotic griseofulvin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 82469-87-2
References:
1. Nordlöv, H. and Gatenbeck, S. Enzymatic synthesis of (+)- and (–)-bisdechlorogeodin with sulochrin oxidase from Penicillium frequentans and Oospora sulphurea ochracea. Arch. Microbiol. 131 (1982) 208-211. [PMID: 7049104]
Accepted name: sulochrin oxidase [(–)-bisdechlorogeodin-forming]
Reaction: 2 sulochrin + O2 = 2 (–)-bisdechlorogeodin + 2 H2O
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): sulochrin oxidase
Systematic name: sulochrin:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, (–)-specific)
Comments: Also acts on several diphenols and phenylenediamines, but has low affinity for these substrates. Involved in the biosynthesis of mould metabolites related to the antibiotic griseofulvin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 82469-87-2
References:
1. Nordlöv, H. and Gatenbeck, S. Enzymatic synthesis of (+)- and (–)-bisdechlorogeodin with sulochrin oxidase from Penicillium frequentans and Oospora sulphurea ochracea. Arch. Microbiol. 131 (1982) 208-211. [PMID: 7049104]
Accepted name: aureusidin synthase
Reaction: (1) 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-β-D-glucoside + O2 = aureusidin 6-O-β-D-glucoside + H2O
(2) 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone 4'-O-β-D-glucoside + ½ O2 = aureusidin 6-O-β-D-glucoside + H2O
(3) 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone 4'-O-β-D-glucoside + O2 = bracteatin 6-O-β-D-glucoside + H2O
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
aureusidin = 4,6-dihydroxy-2-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzofuran-3(2H)-one
bracteatin = 4,6-dihydroxy-2-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzofuran-3(2H)-one
Other name(s): AmAS1
Systematic name: 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-β-D-glucoside:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A copper-containing glycoprotein that plays a key role in the yellow coloration of flowers such as Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). The enzyme is a homologue of plant polyphenol oxidase [1] and catalyses two separate chemical transformations, i.e. 3-hydroxylation and oxidative cyclization (2',-dehydrogenation). H2O2 activates reaction (1) but inhibits reaction (2). Originally considered to act on the phenol but now thought to mainly act on the 4'-O-β-D-glucoside in vivo [4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 320784-48-3
References:
1. Nakayama, T., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Sato, T., Kikuchi, S., Fukui, Y., Fukuchi-Mizutani, M., Ueda, T., Nakao, M., Tanaka, Y., Kusumi, T. and Nishino, T. Aureusidin synthase: A polyphenol oxidase homolog responsible for flower coloration. Science 290 (2000) 1163-1166. [PMID: 11073455]
2. Nakayama, T., Sato, T., Fukui, Y., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Hayashi, H., Tanaka, Y., Kusumi, T. and Nishino, T. Specificity analysis and mechanism of aurone synthesis catalyzed by aureusidin synthase, a polyphenol oxidase homolog responsible for flower coloration. FEBS Lett. 499 (2001) 107-111. [PMID: 11418122]
3. Sato, T., Nakayama, T., Kikuchi, S., Fukui, Y., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Ueda, T., Nishino, T., Tanaka, Y. and Kusumi, T. Enzymatic formation of aurones in the extracts of yellow snapdragon flowers. Plant Sci. 160 (2001) 229-236. [PMID: 11164594]
4. Ono, E., Fukuchi-Mizutani, M., Nakamura, N., Fukui, Y., Yonekura-Sakakibara, K., Yamaguchi, M., Nakayama, T., Tanaka, T., Kusumi, T. and Tanaka, Y. Yellow flowers generated by expression of the aurone biosynthetic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 11075-11080. [PMID: 16832053]
Accepted name: tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase
Reaction: cannabigerolate + O2 = Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate + H2O2
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate = Δ9-THCA = (6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene-2-carboxylate
cannabigerolate = CBGA = 3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoate
cannabinerolate = 3-[(2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoate
Other name(s): THCA synthase; Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase
Systematic name: cannabigerolate:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate-forming)
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD). The cofactor is covalently bound. Part of the cannabinoids biosynthetic pathway in the plant Cannabis sativa. The enzyme can also convert cannabinerolate (the (Z)-isomer of cannabigerolate) to Δ9-THCA with lower efficiency. The traditional numbering called Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolate, Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolate. Systematic peripheral numbering is now recommended.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Taura, F., Morimoto, S. Shoyama, Y. and Mechoulam, R. First direct evidence for the mechanism of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (1995) 9766-9767.
2. Sirikantaramas, S., Morimoto, S., Shoyama, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Wada, Y., Shoyama, Y. and Taura, F. The gene controlling marijuana psychoactivity: molecular cloning and heterologous expression of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 39767-39774. [PMID: 15190053]
3. Shoyama, Y., Takeuchi, A., Taura, F., Tamada, T., Adachi, M., Kuroki, R., Shoyama, Y. and Morimoto, S. Crystallization of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase from Cannabis sativa. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. 61 (2005) 799-801. [PMID: 16511162]
4. Shoyama, Y., Tamada, T., Kurihara, K., Takeuchi, A., Taura, F., Arai, S., Blaber, M., Shoyama, Y., Morimoto, S. and Kuroki, R. Structure and function of 1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase, the enzyme controlling the psychoactivity of Cannabis sativa. J. Mol. Biol. (2012) . [PMID: 22766313]
Accepted name: cannabidiolic acid synthase
Reaction: cannabigerolate + O2 = cannabidiolate + H2O2
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: cannabigerolate = CBGA = 3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-pentylbenzoate
cannabidiolate = 2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-6-pentylbenzoate
Other name(s): CBDA synthase
Systematic name: cannabigerolate:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing, cannabidiolate-forming)
Comments: Binds FAD covalently. Part of the cannabinoids biosynthetic pathway of the plant Cannabis sativa. The enzyme can also convert cannabinerolate to cannabidiolate with lower efficiency.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Taura, F., Morimoto, S. and Shoyama, Y. Purification and characterization of cannabidiolic-acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.. Biochemical analysis of a novel enzyme that catalyzes the oxidocyclization of cannabigerolic acid to cannabidiolic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 17411-17416. [PMID: 8663284]
2. Taura, F., Sirikantaramas, S., Shoyama, Y., Yoshikai, K., Shoyama, Y. and Morimoto, S. Cannabidiolic-acid synthase, the chemotype-determining enzyme in the fiber-type Cannabis sativa. FEBS Lett 581 (2007) 2929-2934. [PMID: 17544411]
Accepted name: D-proline reductase (dithiol)
Reaction: 5-aminopentanoate + lipoate = D-proline + dihydrolipoate
For diagram click here.
Systematic name: 5-aminopentanoate:lipoate oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of D-proline reduction. Other dithiols can function as reducing agents; the enzyme contains a pyruvoyl group and a selenocysteine residue, both essential for activity.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 37255-43-9
References:
1. Hodgins, D.S. and Abeles, R.H. Studies of the mechanism of action of D-proline reductase: the presence on covalently bound pyruvate and its role in the catalytic process. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 130 (1969) 274-285. [PMID: 5778643]
2. Stadtman, T.C. and Elliott, P. Studies on the enzymic reduction of amino acids. II. Purification and properties of a D-proline reductase and a proline racemase from Clostridium sticklandii. J. Biol. Chem. 228 (1957) 983-997.
3. Kabisch, U.C., Gräntzdörffer, A., Schierhorn, A., Rücknagel, K.P, Andreesen, J.R. and Pich, A. Identification of D-proline reductase from Clostridium sticklandii as a selenoenzyme and indications for a catalytically active pyruvoyl group derived from a cysteine residue by cleavage of a proprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 8445-8454. [PMID: 10085076]
Accepted name: glycine reductase
Reaction: acetyl phosphate + NH3 + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = glycine + phosphate + thioredoxin
For diagram click here.
Systematic name: acetyl-phosphate ammonia:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (glycine-forming)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of glycine reduction. The enzyme from Eubacterium acidaminophilum consists of subunits A, B and C. Subunit B contains selenocysteine and a pyruvoyl group, and is responsible for glycine binding and ammonia release. Subunit A, which also contains selenocysteine, is reduced by thioredoxin, and is needed to convert the carboxymethyl group into a ketene equivalent, in turn used by subunit C to produce acetyl phosphate. Only subunit B distinguishes this enzyme from EC 1.21.4.3 (sarcosine reductase) and EC 1.21.4.4 (betaine reductase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 254889-62-8
References:
1. Wagner, M., Sonntag, D., Grimm, R., Pich, A. Eckerskorn, C., Söhling, B. and Andreesen, J.R. Substrate-specific selenoprotein B of glycine reductase from Eubacterium acidaminophilum. Eur. J. Biochem. 260 (1999) 38-49. [PMID: 10091582]
2. Bednarski, B., Andreesen, J.R. and Pich, A. In vitro processing of the proproteins GrdE of protein B of glycine reductase and PrdA of D-proline reductase from Clostridium sticklandii: formation of a pyruvoyl group from a cysteine residue. Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (2001) 3538-3544. [PMID: 11422384]
Accepted name: sarcosine reductase
Reaction: acetyl phosphate + methylamine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = N-methylglycine + phosphate + thioredoxin
For diagram click here.
Glossary: sarcosine = N-methylglycine
Systematic name: acetyl-phosphate methylamine:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (N-methylglycine-forming)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of sarcosine reduction. The enzyme from Eubacterium acidaminophilum consists of subunits A, B and C. Subunit B contains selenocysteine and a pyruvoyl group, and is responsible for sarcosine binding and methylamine release. Subunit A, which also contains selenocysteine, is reduced by thioredoxin, and is needed to convert the carboxymethyl group into a ketene equivalent, in turn used by subunit C to produce acetyl phosphate. Only subunit B distinguishes this enzyme from EC 1.21.4.2 (glycine reductase) and EC 1.21.4.4 (betaine reductase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 125752-88-7
References:
1. Wagner, M., Sonntag, D., Grimm, R., Pich, A. Eckerskorn, C., Söhling, B. and Andreesen, J.R. Substrate-specific selenoprotein B of glycine reductase from Eubacterium acidaminophilum. Eur. J. Biochem. 260 (1999) 38-49. [PMID: 10091582]
2. Hormann, K. and Andreesen, J.R. Reductive cleavage of sarcosine and betaine by Eubacterium acidaminophilum via enzyme systems different from glycine reductase. Arch. Microbiol. 153 (1989) 50-59.
Accepted name: betaine reductase
Reaction: acetyl phosphate + trimethylamine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = betaine + phosphate + thioredoxin
For diagram click here.
Glossary: betaine = glycine betaine = N,N,N-trimethylglycine
Other name(s): acetyl-phosphate trimethylamine:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (N,N,N-trimethylglycine-forming)
Systematic name: acetyl-phosphate trimethylamine:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase (betaine-forming)
Comments: The reaction is observed only in the direction of betaine reduction. The enzyme from Eubacterium acidaminophilum consists of subunits A, B and C. Subunit B contains selenocysteine and a pyruvoyl group, and is responsible for betaine binding and trimethylamine release. Subunit A, which also contains selenocysteine, is reduced by thioredoxin, and is needed to convert the carboxymethyl group into a ketene equivalent, in turn used by subunit C to produce acetyl phosphate. Only subunit B distinguishes this enzyme from EC 1.21.4.2 (glycine reductase) and EC 1.21.4.3 (sarcosine reductase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 125752-87-6
References:
1. Wagner, M., Sonntag, D., Grimm, R., Pich, A. Eckerskorn, C., Söhling, B. and Andreesen, J.R. Substrate-specific selenoprotein B of glycine reductase from Eubacterium acidaminophilum. Eur. J. Biochem. 260 (1999) 38-49. [PMID: 10091582]
2. Bednarski, B., Andreesen, J.R. and Pich, A. In vitro processing of the proproteins GrdE of protein B of glycine reductase and PrdA of D-proline reductase from Clostridium sticklandii: formation of a pyruvoyl group from a cysteine residue. Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (2001) 3538-3544. [PMID: 11422384]
Accepted name: β-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase
Reaction: β-cyclopiazonate + acceptor = α-cyclopiazonate + reduced acceptor
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): β-cyclopiazonate oxidocyclase; β-cyclopiazonic oxidocyclase; β-cyclopiazonate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Systematic name: β-cyclopiazonate:acceptor oxidoreductase (cyclizing)
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD). Cytochrome c and various dyes can act as acceptor. Cyclopiazonate is a microbial toxin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 9059-00-1
References:
1. Edmondson, D.E., Kenney, W.C. and Singer, T.P. Structural elucidation and properties of 8α-(N1-histidyl)riboflavin: the flavin component of thiamine dehydrogenase and β-cyclopiazonate oxidocyclase. Biochemistry 15 (1976) 2937-2945. [PMID: 8076]
2. Schabort, J.C. and Potgieter, D.J.J. β-Cyclopiazonate oxidocyclase from Penicillium cyclopium. II. Studies on electron acceptors, inhibitors, enzyme kinetics, amino acid composition, flavin prosthetic group and other properties. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 250 (1971) 329-345. [PMID: 5143340]
EC 1.22.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
Accepted name: iodotyrosine deiodinase
Reaction: L-tyrosine + 2 NADP+ + 2 I- = 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ (overall reaction)
(1a) L-tyrosine + NADP+ + I— = 3-iodo-L-tyrosine + NADPH + H+
(1b) 3-iodo-L-tyrosine + NADP+ + I— = 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1; DEHAL1
Systematic name: NADP+:L-tyrosine oxidoreductase (iodinating)
Comments: The enzyme activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 3-deiodination. Present in a transmembrane flavoprotein. Requires FMN.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Rosenberg, I.N. Purification of iodotyrosine deiodinase from bovine thyroid. Metabolism 19 (1970) 785-798. [PMID: 4394169]
2. Gnidehou, S., Caillou, B., Talbot, M., Ohayon, R., Kaniewski, J., Noel-Hudson, M.S., Morand, S., Agnangji, D., Sezan, A., Courtin, F., Virion, A. and Dupuy, C. Iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1 (DEHAL1) is a transmembrane protein involved in the recycling of iodide close to the thyroglobulin iodination site. FASEB J. 18 (2004) 1574-1576. [PMID: 15289438]
3. Friedman, J.E., Watson, J.A., Jr., Lam, D.W. and Rokita, S.E. Iodotyrosine deiodinase is the first mammalian member of the NADH oxidase/flavin reductase superfamily. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 2812-2819. [PMID: 16316988]
4. Thomas, S.R., McTamney, P.M., Adler, J.M., Laronde-Leblanc, N. and Rokita, S.E. Crystal structure of iodotyrosine deiodinase, a novel flavoprotein responsible for iodide salvage in thyroid glands. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 19659-19667. [PMID: 19436071]
EC 1.23.1 With NADH or NADPH as donor
Accepted name: (+)-pinoresinol reductase
Reaction: (+)-lariciresinol + NADP+ = (+)-pinoresinol + NADPH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (+)-lariciresinol = 4-[(2S,3R,4R)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol
(+)-pinoresinol = (1S,3aR,4S,6aR)-4,4-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis(2-methoxyphenol)
Other name(s): pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase; pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases; (+)-pinoresinol/(+)-lariciresinol; (+)-pinoresinol-(+)-lariciresinol reductase; PLR
Systematic name: (+)-lariciresinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in vivo in the opposite direction to that shown. A multifunctional enzyme that further reduces the product to the lignan (–)-secoisolariciresinol [EC 1.23.1.2, (+)-lariciresinol reductase]. Isolated from the plants Forsythia intermedia [1,2], Thuja plicata (western red cedar) [3], Linum perenne (perennial flax) [5] and Linum corymbulosum [6]. The 4-pro-R hydrogen of NADH is transferred to the 7-pro-R position of lariciresinol [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Chu, A., Dinkova, A., Davin, L.B., Bedgar, D.L. and Lewis, N.G. Stereospecificity of (+)-pinoresinol and (+)-lariciresinol reductases from Forsythia intermedia. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 27026-27033. [PMID: 8262939]
2. Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., Gang, D.R., Davin, L.B., Bedgar, D.L., Chu, A. and Lewis, N.G. (+)-Pinoresinol/(+)-lariciresinol reductase from Forsythia intermedia. Protein purification, cDNA cloning, heterologous expression and comparison to isoflavone reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 29473-29482. [PMID: 8910615]
3. Fujita, M., Gang, D.R., Davin, L.B. and Lewis, N.G. Recombinant pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases from western red cedar (Thuja plicata) catalyze opposite enantiospecific conversions. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 618-627. [PMID: 9872995]
4. Min, T., Kasahara, H., Bedgar, D.L., Youn, B., Lawrence, P.K., Gang, D.R., Halls, S.C., Park, H., Hilsenbeck, J.L., Davin, L.B., Lewis, N.G. and Kang, C. Crystal structures of pinoresinol-lariciresinol and phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases and their relationship to isoflavone reductases. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 50714-50723. [PMID: 13129921]
5. Hemmati, S., Schmidt, T.J. and Fuss, E. (+)-Pinoresinol/(–)-lariciresinol reductase from Linum perenne Himmelszelt involved in the biosynthesis of justicidin B. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007) 603-610. [PMID: 17257599]
6. Bayindir, Ü., Alfermann, A.W. and Fuss, E. Hinokinin biosynthesis in Linum corymbulosum Reichenb. Plant J. 55 (2008) 810-820. [PMID: 18489708]
Accepted name: (+)-lariciresinol reductase
Reaction: (–)-secoisolariciresinol + NADP+ = (+)-lariciresinol + NADPH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (+)-lariciresinol = 4-[(2S,3R,4R)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol
(–)-secoisolariciresinol = (2R,3R)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol
Other name(s): pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase; pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases; (+)-pinoresinol/(+)-lariciresinol; (+)-pinoresinol-(+)-lariciresinol reductase; PLR
Systematic name: (–)-secoisolariciresinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in vivo in the opposite direction to that shown. A multifunctional enzyme that also reduces (+)-pinoresinol [EC 1.23.1.1, (+)-pinoresinol reductase]. Isolated from the plants Forsythia intermedia [1,2], Thuja plicata (western red cedar) [3], Linum perenne (perennial flax) [5] and Linum corymbulosum [6].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Chu, A., Dinkova, A., Davin, L.B., Bedgar, D.L. and Lewis, N.G. Stereospecificity of (+)-pinoresinol and (+)-lariciresinol reductases from Forsythia intermedia. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 27026-27033. [PMID: 8262939]
2. Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., Gang, D.R., Davin, L.B., Bedgar, D.L., Chu, A. and Lewis, N.G. (+)-Pinoresinol/(+)-lariciresinol reductase from Forsythia intermedia. Protein purification, cDNA cloning, heterologous expression and comparison to isoflavone reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 29473-29482. [PMID: 8910615]
3. Fujita, M., Gang, D.R., Davin, L.B. and Lewis, N.G. Recombinant pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases from western red cedar (Thuja plicata) catalyze opposite enantiospecific conversions. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 618-627. [PMID: 9872995]
4. Min, T., Kasahara, H., Bedgar, D.L., Youn, B., Lawrence, P.K., Gang, D.R., Halls, S.C., Park, H., Hilsenbeck, J.L., Davin, L.B., Lewis, N.G. and Kang, C. Crystal structures of pinoresinol-lariciresinol and phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases and their relationship to isoflavone reductases. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 50714-50723. [PMID: 13129921]
5. Hemmati, S., Schmidt, T.J. and Fuss, E. (+)-Pinoresinol/(–)-lariciresinol reductase from Linum perenne Himmelszelt involved in the biosynthesis of justicidin B. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007) 603-610. [PMID: 17257599]
6. Bayindir, Ü., Alfermann, A.W. and Fuss, E. Hinokinin biosynthesis in Linum corymbulosum Reichenb. Plant J. 55 (2008) 810-820. [PMID: 18489708]
Accepted name: (–)-pinoresinol reductase
Reaction: (–)-lariciresinol + NADP+ = (–)-pinoresinol + NADPH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-lariciresinol = 4-[(2R,3S,4S)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol
(–)-pinoresinol = (1R,3aS,4R,6aS)-4,4'-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis(2-methoxyphenol)
Other name(s): pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase; pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases; (–)-pinoresinol-(–)-lariciresinol reductase; PLR
Systematic name: (–)-lariciresinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in vivo in the opposite direction to that shown. A multifunctional enzyme that usually further reduces the product to (+)-secoisolariciresinol [EC 1.23.1.4, (–)-lariciresinol reductase]. Isolated from the plants Thuja plicata (western red cedar) [1], Linum perenne (perennial flax) [2] and Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Fujita, M., Gang, D.R., Davin, L.B. and Lewis, N.G. Recombinant pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases from western red cedar (Thuja plicata) catalyze opposite enantiospecific conversions. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 618-627. [PMID: 9872995]
2. Hemmati, S., Schmidt, T.J. and Fuss, E. (+)-Pinoresinol/(–)-lariciresinol reductase from Linum perenne Himmelszelt involved in the biosynthesis of justicidin B. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007) 603-610. [PMID: 17257599]
3. Nakatsubo, T., Mizutani, M., Suzuki, S., Hattori, T. and Umezawa, T. Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana pinoresinol reductase, a new type of enzyme involved in lignan biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 15550-15557. [PMID: 18347017]
Accepted name: (–)-lariciresinol reductase
Reaction: (+)-secoisolariciresinol + NADP+ = (–)-lariciresinol + NADPH + H+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Glossary: (–)-lariciresinol = 4-[(2R,3S,4S)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol
(+)-secoisolariciresinol = (2S,3S)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol
Other name(s): pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase; pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases; (–)-pinoresinol-(–)-lariciresinol reductase; PLR
Systematic name: (+)-secoisolariciresinol:NADPH+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction is catalysed in vivo in the opposite direction to that shown. A multifunctional enzyme that also reduces (–)-pinoresinol [EC 1.23.1.3, (–)-pinoresinol reductase]. Isolated from the plants Thuja plicata (western red cedar) [1] and Linum corymbulosum [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Fujita, M., Gang, D.R., Davin, L.B. and Lewis, N.G. Recombinant pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases from western red cedar (Thuja plicata) catalyze opposite enantiospecific conversions. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 618-627. [PMID: 9872995]
2. Hemmati, S., Schmidt, T.J. and Fuss, E. (+)-Pinoresinol/(–)-lariciresinol reductase from Linum perenne Himmelszelt involved in the biosynthesis of justicidin B. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007) 603-610. [PMID: 17257599]
Accepted name: chlorate reductase
Reaction: AH2 + chlorate = A + H2O + chlorite
Other name(s): chlorate reductase C
Systematic name: chlorite:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Flavins or benzylviologen can act as acceptor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 60382-73-2
References:
1. Azoulay, E., Mutaftshiev, S. and de Sousa, M.L. Étude des mutants chlorate-résistants chez Escherichia coli K12. III. Mise en évidence et étude de l'activité chlorate-réductase c des mutants chlC-. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 237 (1971) 579-590. [PMID: 4940765]
Accepted name: pyrogallol hydroxytransferase
Reaction: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene + 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene = 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene + 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene
Other name(s): 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene hydroxyltransferase; 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:pyrogallol transhydroxylase; 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene-pyrogallol hydroxyltransferase (transhydroxylase); pyrogallol hydroxyltransferase; 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene hydroxyltransferase
Systematic name: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene:1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene hydroxytransferase
Comments: 1,2,3,5-Tetrahydroxybenzene acts as a co-substrate for the conversion of pyrogallol into phloroglucinol, and for a number of similar isomerizations. The enzyme is provisionally listed here, but might be considered as the basis for a new class in the transferases, analogous to the aminotransferases.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 176591-26-7
References:
1. Brune, A. and Schink, B. Pyrogallol-to-phloroglucinol conversion and other hydroxyl-transfer reactions catalyzed by cell extracts of Pelobacter acidigallici. J. Bacteriol. 172 (1990) 1070-1076. [PMID: 2298693]
[EC 1.97.1.3 Transferred entry: sulfur reductase. Now EC 1.12.98.4, sulfhydrogenase, since hydrogen is known to be the electron donor. (EC 1.97.1.3 created 1992, deleted 2013)]
Accepted name: [formate-C-acetyltransferase]-activating enzyme
Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dihydroflavodoxin + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycine = 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + flavodoxin semiquinone + [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycin-2-yl radical
Other name(s): PFL activase; PFL-glycine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine H transferase (flavodoxin-oxidizing, S-adenosyl-L-methionine-cleaving); formate acetyltransferase activating enzyme; formate acetyltransferase-glycine dihydroflavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving)
Systematic name: [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycine dihydroflavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving)
Comments: An iron-sulfur protein. A single glycine residue in EC 2.3.1.54, formate C-acetyltransferase, is oxidized to the corresponding radical by transfer of H from its CH2 to AdoMet with concomitant cleavage of the latter. The reaction requires Fe2+. The first stage is reduction of the AdoMet to give methionine and the 5'-deoxyadenosin-5'-yl radical, which then abstracts a hydrogen radical from the glycine residue.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 206367-15-9
References:
1. Frey, M., Rothe, M., Wagner, A.F.V. and Knappe, J. Adenosylmethionine-dependent synthesis of the glycyl radical in pyruvate formate-lyase by abstraction of the glycine C-2 pro-S hydrogen atom. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 12432-12437. [PMID: 8175649]
2. Wagner, A.F.V., Frey, M., Neugebauer, F.A., Schäfer, W. and Knappe, J. The free radical in pyruvate formate-lyase is located on glycine-734. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 996-1000. [PMID: 1310545]
3. Frey, P.A. Radical mechanisms in enzymatic catalysis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70 (2001) 121-148. [PMID: 11395404]
[EC 1.97.1.5 Transferred entry: now EC 1.20.4.1, arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) (EC 1.97.1.5 created 2000 deleted 2001)]
[EC 1.97.1.6 Transferred entry: now EC 1.20.99.1, arsenate reductase (donor) (EC 1.97.1.6 created 2000 deleted 2001)]
[EC 1.97.1.7 Transferred entry: now EC 1.20.4.2, methylarsonate reductase (EC 1.97.1.7 created 2000, deleted 2001)]
Accepted name: tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase
Reaction: trichloroethene + chloride + acceptor = tetrachloroethene + reduced acceptor
Glossary entries:
methyl viologen = 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium
Other name(s): tetrachloroethene reductase
Systematic name: acceptor:trichloroethene oxidoreductase (chlorinating)
Comments: This enzyme allows the common pollutant tetrachloroethene to support bacterial growth and is responsible for disposal of a number of chlorinated hydrocarbons by this organism. The reaction occurs in the reverse direction. The enzyme also reduces trichloroethene to dichloroethene. Although the physiological reductant is unknown, the supply of reductant in some organisms is via reduced menaquinone, itself formed from molecular hydrogen, via EC 1.12.5.1 (hydrogen:quinone oxidoreductase). The enzyme contains a corrinoid and two iron-sulfur clusters. Methyl viologen can act as electron donor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, UM-BBD, CAS registry number: 163913-51-7
References:
1. Holliger, C, Wohlfarth, G. and Diekert, G. Reductive dechlorination in the energy metabolism of anaerobic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 22 (1998/1999) 383-398.
2. Glod, G., Angst, W., Holliger, C. and Schwarzenbach, R.P. Corrinoid-mediated reduction of tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and trichlorofluoroethene in homogeneous aqueous solution: Reaction kinetics and reaction mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 253-260.
3. Neumann, A., Wohlfarth, G. and Diekert, G. Purification and characterization of tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase from Dehalospirillum multivorans. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 16515-16519. [PMID: 8663199]
4. Schumacher, W., Holliger, C., Zehnder, A.J.B. and Hagen, W.R. Redox chemistry of cobalamin and iron-sulfur cofactors in the tetrachloroethene reductase of Dehalobacter restrictus. FEBS Lett. 409 (1997) 421-425. [PMID: 9224702]
5. Schumacher, W. and Holliger, C. The proton/electron ratio of the menaquinone-dependent electron transport from dihydrogen to tetrachloroethene in "Dehalobacter restrictus". J. Bacteriol. 178 (1996) 2328-2333. [PMID: 8636034]
Accepted name: selenate reductase
Reaction: selenite + H2O + acceptor = selenate + reduced acceptor
Systematic name: selenite:reduced acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: The periplasmic enzyme from Thauera selenatis is a complex comprising three heterologous subunits (α, β and γ) that contains molybdenum, iron, acid-labile sulfide and heme b as cofactor constituents. Nitrate, nitrite, chlorate and sulfate are not substrates. A number of compounds, including acetate, lactate, pyruvate, and certain sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, di- and tricarboxylic acids, and benzoate can serve as electron donors.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 146359-71-9
References:
1. Schröder, I., Rech, S., Krafft, T. and Macy, J.M. Purification and characterization of the selenate reductase from Thauera selenatis. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 23765-23768. [PMID: 9295321]
2. Macy, J.M., Rech, S., Auling, G., Dorsch, M., Stackebrandt, E. and Sly, L.I. Thauera selenatis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the beta subclass of Proteobacteria with a novel type of anaerobic respiration. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43 (1993) 135-142. [PMID: 8427805]
3. Krafft, T., Bowen, A., Theis, F. and Macy, J.M. Cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding the periplasmic-cytochrome B-containing selenate reductase of Thauera selenatis. DNA Seq. 10 (2000) 365-377. [PMID: 10826693]
4. Stolz, J.F. and Oremland, R.S. Bacterial respiration of arsenic and selenium. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 23 (1999) 615-627. [PMID: 10525169]
Accepted name: thyroxine 5'-deiodinase
Reaction: 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2
Other name(s): diiodothyronine 5'-deiodinase [ambiguous]; iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase; iodothyronine outer ring monodeiodinase; type I iodothyronine deiodinase; type II iodothyronine deiodinase; thyroxine 5-deiodinase [misleading]; L-thyroxine iodohydrolase (reducing)
Systematic name: acceptor:3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine oxidoreductase (iodinating)
Comments: The enzyme activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 5'-deiodination, which renders the thyroid hormone more active. The enzyme consists of type I and type II enzymes, both containing selenocysteine, but with different kinetics. For the type I enzyme the first reaction is a reductive deiodination converting the -Se-H group of the enzyme into an -Se-I group; the reductant then reconverts this into -Se-H, releasing iodide.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 70712-46-8
References:
1. Chopra, I.J. and Teco, G.N.C. Characteristics of inner ring (3 or 5) monodeiodination of 3,5-diiodothyronine in rat liver: evidence suggesting marked similarities of inner and outer ring deiodinases for iodothyronines. Endocrinology 110 (1982) 89-97. [PMID: 7053997]
2. Goswani, A., Leonard, J.L. and Rosenberg, I.N. Inhibition by coumadin anticoagulants of enzymatic outer ring monodeiodination of iodothyronines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 104 (1982) 1231-1238. [PMID: 6176242]
3. Smallridge, R.C., Burman, K.D., Ward, K.E., Wartofsky, L., Dimond, R.C., Wright, F.D. and Lathan, K.R. 3',5'-Diiodothyronine to 3'-monoiodothyronine conversion in the fed and fasted rat: enzyme characteristics and evidence for two distinct 5'-deiodinases. Endocrinology 108 (1981) 2336-2345. [PMID: 7227308]
4. Körhle, J. Iodothyronine deiodinases. Methods Enzymol. 347 (2002) 125-167. [PMID: 11898402]
Accepted name: thyroxine 5-deiodinase
Reaction: 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2
Other name(s): diiodothyronine 5'-deiodinase[ambiguous]; iodothyronine 5-deiodinase; iodothyronine inner ring monodeiodinase; type III iodothyronine deiodinase
Systematic name: acceptor:3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine oxidoreductase (iodinating)
Comments: The enzyme activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 5-deiodination. This removal of the 5-iodine, i.e. from the inner ring, largely inactivates the hormone thyroxine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 74506-30-2
References:
1. Chopra, I.J. and Teco, G.N.C. Characteristics of inner ring (3 or 5) monodeiodination of 3,5-diiodothyronine in rat liver: evidence suggesting marked similarities of inner and outer ring deiodinases for iodothyronines. Endocrinology 110 (1982) 89-97. [PMID: 7053997]
2. Körhle, J. Iodothyronine deiodinases. Methods Enzymol. 347 (2002) 125-167. [PMID: 11898402]
Accepted name: photosystem I
Reaction: reduced plastocyanin + oxidized ferredoxin + hν = oxidized plastocyanin + reduced ferredoxin
Systematic name: plastocyanin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (light-dependent)
Comments: Contains chlorophyll, phylloquinones, carotenoids and [4Fe-4S] clusters. Cytochrome c6 can act as an alternative electron donor, and flavodoxin as an alternative acceptor in some species.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:
References:
1. Takabe, T., Iwasaki, Y., Hibino, T. and Ando, T. Subunit composition of photosystem I complex that catalyzes light-dependent transfer of electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. J. Biochem. 110 (1991) 622-627. [PMID: 1778985]
2. van Thor, J.J., Geerlings, T.H., Matthijs, H.C. and Hellingwerf, K.J. Kinetic evidence for the PsaE-dependent transient ternary complex photosystem I/Ferredoxin/Ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase in a cyanobacterium. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 12735-12746. [PMID: 10504244]
3. Chitnis, P.R. Photosystem I: function and physiology. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 52 (2001) 593-626. [PMID: 11337410]
4. Amunts, A., Toporik, H., Borovikova, A. and Nelson, N. Structure determination and improved model of plant photosystem I. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 3478-3486. [PMID: 19923216]