EC 2.7.7 (continued)

Continued from:

EC 2.7.7.1 to EC 2.7.7.50

Contents

Entries

Accepted name: adenylylsulfate—ammonia adenylyltransferase

Reaction: adenylyl sulfate + NH₃ = adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate + sulfate

Other names: APSAT; adenylylsulfate:ammonia adenylyltransferase

Systematic name: adenylyl-sulfate:ammonia adenylyltransferase

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 79121-94-1

References:

1. Fankhauser, H., Schiff, J.A. and Garber, L.J. Purification and properties of adenylyl sulphate:ammonia adenylyltransferase from Chlorella catalysing the formation of adenosine 5′ -phosphoramidate from adenosine 5′ -phosphosulphate and ammonia. 195 (1981) 545–560. [PMID: 6274307]

EC 2.7.7.52

Accepted name: RNA uridylyltransferase

Reaction: UTP + RNA_n = diphosphate + RNA_n+1

Other name(s): terminal uridylyltransferase; TUT

Systematic name: UTP:RNA uridylyltransferase

Comments: The enzyme requires an oligoribonucleotide or polyribonucleotide with a free terminal 3'-OH as a primer.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 78519-53-6

References:

1. Zabel, P., Dorssers, L., Wernars, K. and van Kammen, A. Terminal uridylyl transferase of Vigna unguiculata: purification and characterization of an enzyme catalyzing the addition of a single UMP residue to the 3'-end of an RNA primer. Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (1981) 2433-2453. [PMID: 6269049]

EC 2.7.7.53

Accepted name: ATP adenylyltransferase

Reaction: ADP + ATP = phosphate + P¹,P⁴-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate

Other name(s): bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphate phosphorylase (NDP-forming); diadenosinetetraphosphate αβ-phosphorylase; adenine triphosphate adenylyltransferase; diadenosine 5',5'"-P¹,P⁴-tetraphosphate αβ-phosphorylase (ADP-forming); dinucleoside oligophosphate αβ-phosphorylase

Systematic name: ADP:ATP adenylyltransferase

Comments: GTP and adenosine tetraphosphate can also act as adenylyl acceptors.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 96697-71-1

References:

1. Guranowski, A. and Blanquet, S. Phosphorolytic cleavage of diadenosine 5',5'''-P¹,P⁴-tetraphosphate. Properties of homogeneous diadenosine 5',5'''- P¹,P⁴-tetraphosphate αβ-phosphorylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 3542-3547. [PMID: 2982863]

EC 2.7.7.54

Accepted name: phenylalanine adenylyltransferase

Reaction: ATP + L-phenylalanine = diphosphate + N-adenylyl-L-phenylalanine

Other names: L-phenylalanine adenylyltransferase

Systematic name: ATP:L-phenylalanine adenylyltransferase

Comments: Part of the system for biosynthesis of the alkaloid cyclopeptine in Penicillium cyclopium.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 98285-55-3

References:

1. Lerbs, W. and Luckner, M. Cyclopeptine synthetase activity in surface cultures of Penicillium cyclopium. J. Basic Microbiol. 25 (1985) 387-391. [PMID: 2995633]

EC 2.7.7.55

Accepted name: anthranilate adenylyltransferase

Reaction: ATP + anthranilate = diphosphate + N-adenylylanthranilate

Other names: anthranilic acid adenylyltransferase

Systematic name: ATP:anthranilate N-adenylyltransferase

Comments: Part of the system for biosynthesis of the alkaloid cyclopeptine in Penicillium cyclopium.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 70248-64-5

References:

1. Lerbs, W. and Luckner, M. Cyclopeptine synthetase activity in surface cultures of Penicillium cyclopium. J. Basic Microbiol. 25 (1985) 387-391. [PMID: 2995633]

EC 2.7.7.56

Accepted name: tRNA nucleotidyltransferase

Reaction: tRNA_n+1 + phosphate = tRNA_n + a nucleoside diphosphate

Other name(s): phosphate-dependent exonuclease; RNase PH; ribonuclease PH

Systematic name: tRNA:phosphate nucleotidyltransferase

Comments: Brings about the final exonucleolytic trimming of the 3'-terminus of tRNA precursors in Escherichia coli by a phosphorolysis, producing a mature 3'-terminus on tRNA and nucleoside diphosphate. Not identical with EC 2.7.7.8 polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 116412-36-3

References:

1. Cudny, H. and Deutscher, M.P. 3' processing of tRNA precursors in ribonuclease-deficient Escherichia coli. Development and characterization of an in vitro processing system and evidence for a phosphate requirement. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 1518-1523. [PMID: 3275667]

2. Deutscher, M.P., Marshall, G.T. and Cudny, H. RNase PH: an Escherichia coli phosphate-dependent nuclease distinct from polynucleotide phosphorylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988) 4710-4714. [PMID: 2455297]

EC 2.7.7.57

Accepted name: N-methylphosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase

Reaction: CTP + N-methylethanolamine phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-N-methylethanolamine

Other names: monomethylethanolamine phosphate cytidylyltransferase; CTP:P-MEA cytidylyltransferase

Systematic name: CTP:N-methylethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 119345-28-7

References:

1. Datko, A.H. and Mudd, S.H. Enzymes of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in Lemna, soybean, and carrot. Plant Physiol. 88 (1988) 1338-1348.

EC 2.7.7.58

Accepted name: (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate synthase

Reaction: ATP + 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate = diphosphate + (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate

Other name(s): 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-AMP ligase

Systematic name: ATP:2,3-dihydroxybenzoate adenylyltransferase

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 122332-73-4

References:

1. Rusnak, F., Faraci, W.S. and Walsh, C.T. Subcloning, expression, and purification of the enterobactin biosynthetic enzyme 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-AMP ligase: demonstration of enzyme-bound (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate product. Biochemistry 28 (1989) 6827-6835. [PMID: 2531000]

EC 2.7.7.59

Accepted name: [protein-PII] uridylyltransferase

Reaction: UTP + [protein-PII] = diphosphate + uridylyl-[protein-PII]

Other name(s): PII uridylyl-transferase; uridyl removing enzyme

Systematic name: UTP:[protein-PII] uridylyltransferase

Comments: the enzyme uridylylates and de-uridylylates the small trimeric protein PII. The enzymes from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium have been wrongly identified, in some databases, as EC 2.7.7.12 (UDP-glucose—hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase), from which it differs greatly in both reaction catalysed and sequence.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 57657-57-5

References:

1. Garcia, E., Rhee, S.G. Cascade control of Escherichia coli glutamate synthetase. Purification and properties of PII uridylyltransferase and uridylyl-removing enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983) 2246-2253. [PMID: 6130097]

2. Van Heeswijk, W., Rabenberg, M., Westerhoff, H., Kahn, D. The genes of the glutamate synthetase adenylylation cascade are not regulated by nitrogen in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 9 (1993) 443-457. [PMID: 8412694]

EC 2.7.7.60

Accepted name: 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase

Reaction: CTP + 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate = diphosphate + 4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol

For diagram click here.

Other name(s): MEP cytidylyltransferase

Systematic name: CTP:2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase

Comments: The enzyme from Escherichia coli requires Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺. ATP or UTP can replace CTP, but both are less effective. GTP and TTP are not substrates. Forms part of an alternative nonmevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis (for diagram, click here).

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 251990-59-7

References:

1. Rohdich, F., Wungsintaweekul, J., Fellermeier, M., Sagner, S., Herz, S., Kis, K., Eisenreich, W., Bacher, A. and Zenk, M.H. Cytidine 5'-triphosphate-dependent biosynthesis of isoprenoids: YgbP protein of Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erithritol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 11758-11763. [PMID: 10518523]

2. Kuzuyama, T., Takagi, M., Kaneda, K., Dairi, T. and Seto, H. Formation of 4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol from 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate by 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, a new enzyme in the nonmevalonate pathway. Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (2000) 703-706.

EC 2.7.7.61

Accepted name: citrate lyase holo-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase

Reaction: 2'-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA + citrate lyase apo-[acyl-carrier protein] = citrate lyase holo-[acyl-carrier protein] + diphosphate

For diagram of holo-citrate-lyase biosynthesis, click here

Other name(s): 2'-(5"-phosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA transferase; 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo-citrate lyase; CitX; holo-ACP synthase (ambiguous); 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo-citrate lyase adenylyltransferase; 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo-citrate lyase 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA transferase; 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo-citrate-lyase adenylyltransferase; holo-citrate lyase synthase (incorrect)

Systematic name: 2'-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo-citrate-lyase 2'-(5-phosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA-transferase

Comments: The γ-subunit of EC 4.1.3.6, citrate (pro-3S) lyase, serves as an acyl-carrier protein (ACP) and contains the prosthetic group 2'-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA [1,3]. Synthesis and attachment of the prosthetic group requires the concerted action of this enzyme and EC 2.7.8.25, triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase [1]. In the enzyme from Escherichia coli, the prosthetic group is attached to serine-14 of the ACP via a phosphodiester bond.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: 312492-44-7

References:

1. Schneider, K., Dimroth, P. and Bott, M. Biosynthesis of the prosthetic group of citrate lyase. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 9438-9450. [PMID: 10924139]

2. Schneider, K., Dimroth, P. and Bott, M. Identification of triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA as precursor of the citrate lyase prosthetic group. FEBS Lett. 483 (2000) 165-168. [PMID: 11042274]

3. Schneider, K., Kästner, C.N., Meyer, M., Wessel, M., Dimroth, P. and Bott, M. Identification of a gene cluster in Klebsiella pneumoniae which includes citX, a gene required for biosynthesis of the citrate lyase prosthetic group. J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 2439-2446. [PMID: 11948157]

EC 2.7.7.62

Accepted name: adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase

Reaction: GTP + adenosylcobinamide phosphate = diphosphate + adenosylcobinamide-GDP

For diagram click here.

Other name(s): CobU; adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase; AdoCbi kinase/AdoCbi-phosphate guanylyltransferase

Systematic name: GTP:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase

Comments: In Salmonella typhimurium LT2, under anaerobic conditions, CobU (EC 2.7.7.62 and EC 2.7.1.156), CobT (EC 2.4.2.21), CobC (EC 3.1.3.73) and CobS (EC 2.7.8.26) catalyse reactions in the nucleotide loop assembly pathway, which convert adenosylcobinamide (AdoCbi) into adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl). CobT and CobC are involved in 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole activation whereby 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole is converted to its riboside, α-ribazole. The second branch of the nuclotide loop assembly pathway is the cobinamide (Cbi) activation branch where AdoCbi or adenosylcobinamide-phosphate is converted to the activated intermediate AdoCbi-GDP by the bifunctional enzyme Cob U. The final step in adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis is the condensation of AdoCbi-GDP with α-ribazole, which is catalysed by EC 2.7.8.26, cobalamin synthase (CobS), to yield adenosylcobalamin. CobU is a bifunctional enzyme that has both kinase (EC 2.7.1.156) and guanylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.62) activities. However, both activities are not required at all times. The kinase activity has been proposed to function only when S. typhimurium is assimilating cobinamide whereas the guanylyltransferase activity is required for both assimilation of exogenous cobinamide and for de novo synthesis of adenosylcobalamin [4]. The guanylyltransferase reaction is a two-stage reaction with formation of a CobU-GMP intermediate [1]. Guanylylation takes place at histidine-46.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 169592-55-6

References:

1. O'Toole, G.A. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional CobU enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Evidence for a CobU-GMP intermediate. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 23560-23569. [PMID: 7559521]

2. Thompson, T.B., Thomas, M.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium determined to 2.3 Å resolution. Biochemistry 37 (1998) 7686-7695. [PMID: 9601028]

3. Thompson, T.B., Thomas, M.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) complexed with GMP: evidence for a substrate-induced transferase active site. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 12995-13005. [PMID: 10529169]

4. Thomas, M.G., Thompson, T.B., Rayment, I. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. Analysis of the adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Identification of residue His-46 as the site of guanylylation. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 27576-27586. [PMID: 10869342]

5. Warren, M.J., Raux, E., Schubert, H.L. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B₁₂). Nat. Prod. Rep. 19 (2002) 390-412. [PMID: 12195810]

EC 2.7.7.63

Accepted name: lipoate—protein ligase

Reaction: (1) ATP + lipoate = diphosphate + lipoyl-AMP
(2) lipoyl-AMP + apoprotein = protein N⁶-(lipoyl)lysine + AMP

Other name(s): LplA; lipoate protein ligase; lipoate-protein ligase A; LPL; LPL-B

Systematic name: ATP:lipoate adenylyltransferase

Comments: Requires Mg²⁺. Selenolipoate and 6-thio-octanoate can also act as substrates, but more slowly [2]. Both D- and L-lipoate can act as a substrate but there is a preference for the naturally occurring D-form. The lipoyl cofactor is essential for the function of several key enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism, including pyruvate dehydrogenase (E₂ domain), 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E₂ domain), the branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases and the glycine cleavage system (H protein) [6]. This enzyme attaches lipoic acid to the lipoyl domains of these proteins. The remaining steps in the production of lipoyl cofactor involve EC 2.3.1.181, lipoyl(octanoyl) transferase and EC 2.8.1.8, lipoyl synthase.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 144114-18-1

References:

1. Morris, T.W., Reed, K.E. and Cronan, J.E., Jr. Identification of the gene encoding lipoate-protein ligase A of Escherichia coli. Molecular cloning and characterization of the lplA gene and gene product. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 16091-16100. [PMID: 8206909]

2. Green, D.E., Morris, T.W., Green, J., Cronan, J.E., Jr. and Guest, J.R. Purification and properties of the lipoate protein ligase of Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 309 (1995) 853-862. [PMID: 7639702]

3. Zhao, X., Miller, J.R., Jiang, Y., Marletta, M.A. and Cronan, J.E. Assembly of the covalent linkage between lipoic acid and its cognate enzymes. Chem. Biol. 10 (2003) 1293-1302. [PMID: 14700636]

4. Kim do, J., Kim, K.H., Lee, H.H., Lee, S.J., Ha, J.Y., Yoon, H.J. and Suh, S.W. Crystal structure of lipoate-protein ligase A bound with the activated intermediate: insights into interaction with lipoyl domains. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 38081-38089. [PMID: 16141198]

5. Fujiwara, K., Toma, S., Okamura-Ikeda, K., Motokawa, Y., Nakagawa, A. and Taniguchi, H. Crystal structure of lipoate-protein ligase A from Escherichia coli. Determination of the lipoic acid-binding site. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 33645-33651. [PMID: 16043486]

6. Jordan, S.W. and Cronan, J.E., Jr. A new metabolic link. The acyl carrier protein of lipid synthesis donates lipoic acid to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Escherichia coli and mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 17903-17906. [PMID: 9218413]

EC 2.7.7.64

Accepted name: UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase

Reaction: UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide

Glossary: UDP-Xyl = UDP-α-D-xylose
UDP-L-Ara = UDP-β-L-arabinopyranose

Other name(s): UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase; PsUSP

Comments: Requires Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺ for maximal activity. The reaction can occur in either direction and it has been postulated that MgUTP and Mg-diphosphate are the actual substrates [1,2]. The enzyme catalyses the formation of UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal, UDP-GlcA, UDP-L-Ara and UDP-Xyl, showing broad substrate specificity towards monosaccharide 1-phosphates. Mannose 1-phosphate, L-fucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate are not substrates and UTP cannot be replaced by other nucleotide triphosphates [1].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Kotake, T., Yamaguchi, D., Ohzono, H., Hojo, S., Kaneko, S., Ishida, H.K. and Tsumuraya, Y. UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase with broad substrate specificity toward various monosaccharide 1-phosphates from pea sprouts. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 45728-45736. [PMID: 15326166]

2. Rudick, V.L. and Weisman, R.A. Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Purification, kinetic, and developmental studies. J. Biol. Chem. 249 (1974) 7832-7840. [PMID: 4430676]

EC 2.7.7.65

Accepted name: diguanylate cyclase

Reaction: 2 GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate

For diagram of reaction click here

Glossary: c-di-GMP = c-di-guanylate = cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate = cyclic-bis(3'→5') dimeric GMP

Other name(s): DGC; PleD

Systematic name: GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase (cyclizing)

Comments: A GGDEF-domain-containing protein that requires Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺ for activity. The enzyme can be activated by BeF₃, a phosphoryl mimic, which results in dimerization [3]. Dimerization is required but is not sufficient for diguanylate-cyclase activity [3]. Cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate is an intracellular signalling molecule that controls motility and adhesion in bacterial cells. It was first identified as having a positive allosteric effect on EC 2.4.1.12, cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) [1].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Ryjenkov, D.A., Tarutina, M., Moskvin, O.V. and Gomelsky, M. Cyclic diguanylate is a ubiquitous signaling molecule in bacteria: insights into biochemistry of the GGDEF protein domain. J. Bacteriol. 187 (2005) 1792-1798. [PMID: 15716451]

2. Méndez-Ortiz, M.M., Hyodo, M., Hayakawa, Y. and Membrillo-Hernández, J. Genome-wide transcriptional profile of Escherichia coli in response to high levels of the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 8090-8099. [PMID: 16418169]

3. Paul, R., Abel, S., Wassmann, P., Beck, A., Heerklotz, H. and Jenal, U. Activation of the diguanylate cyclase PleD by phosphorylation-mediated dimerization. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 29170-29177. [PMID: 17640875]

EC 2.7.7.66

Accepted name: malonate decarboxylase holo-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase

Reaction: 2'-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA + malonate decarboxylase apo-[acyl-carrier protein] = malonate decarboxylase holo-[acyl-carrier protein] + diphosphate

For diagram click here

Other name(s): holo ACP synthase (ambiguous); 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo ACP 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA transferase; MdcG; 2'-(5"-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo-malonate-decarboxylase adenylyltransferase; holo-malonate-decarboxylase synthase (incorrect)

Systematic name: 2'-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA:apo-malonate-decarboxylase 2'-(5-phosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA-transferase

Comments: The δ subunit of malonate decarboxylase serves as an an acyl-carrier protein (ACP) and contains the prosthetic group 2'-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA. Two reactions are involved in the production of the holo-ACP form of this enzyme. The first reaction is catalysed by EC 2.7.8.25, triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA synthase. The resulting prosthetic group is then attached to the ACP subunit via a phosphodiester linkage to a serine residue, thus forming the holo form of the enzyme, in a manner analogous to that of EC 2.7.7.61, citrate lyase holo-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Hoenke, S., Wild, M.R. and Dimroth, P. Biosynthesis of triphosphoribosyl-dephospho-coenzyme A, the precursor of the prosthetic group of malonate decarboxylase. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 13223-13232. [PMID: 11052675]

2. Hoenke, S., Schmid, M. and Dimroth, P. Identification of the active site of phosphoribosyl-dephospho-coenzyme A transferase and relationship of the enzyme to an ancient class of nucleotidyltransferases. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 13233-13240. [PMID: 11052676]

EC 2.7.7.67

Accepted name: CDP-archaeol synthase

Reaction: CTP + 2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-1-phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycerol

For diagram of reaction, click here

Glossary: 2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-1-phosphate = 2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)-glycerophosphate ether = unsaturated archaetidic acid
CDP-archaeol = CDP-2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycerol

Other name(s): CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol synthase; CTP:2,3-GG-GP ether cytidylyltransferase; CTP:2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate cytidyltransferase

Systematic name: CTP:2,3-bis-O-(geranylgeranyl)-sn-glycero-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase

Comments: This enzyme catalyses one of the steps in the biosynthesis of polar lipids in Archaea, which are characterized by having an sn-glycero-1-phosphate backbone rather than an sn-glycero-3-phosphate backbone as is found in bacteria and eukaryotes [1]. The enzyme requires Mg²⁺ and K⁺ for maximal activity [1]. The other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polar lipids in Archaea are EC 1.1.1.261 (sn-glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase), EC 2.5.1.41 (phosphoglycerol geranylgeranyltransferase) and EC 2.5.1.42 (geranylgeranylglycerol-phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase), which together alkylate the hydroxy groups of glycerol 1-phosphate to give unsaturated archaetidic acid, which is acted upon by this enzyme to form CDP-unsaturated archaeol. The final step in the pathway involves the addition of L-serine, with concomitant removal of CMP, leading to the production of unsaturated archaetidylserine [1].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Morii, H., Nishihara, M. and Koga, Y. CTP:2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphate cytidyltransferase in the methanogenic archaeon Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 36568-36574. [PMID: 10960477]

2. Morii, H. and Koga, Y. CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol:L-serine O-archaetidyltransferase (archaetidylserine synthase) in the methanogenic archaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. J. Bacteriol. 185 (2003) 1181-1189. [PMID: 12562787]

EC 2.7.7.68

Accepted name: 2-phospho-L-lactate guanylyltransferase

Reaction: (2S)-2-phospholactate + GTP = (2S)-lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine + diphosphate

For diagram of reaction click here.

Glossary: (2S)-2-phospholactate = (2S)-2-(phosphonooxy)propanoate

Other name(s): CofC; MJ0887

Systematic name: GTP:2-phospho-L-lactate guanylyltransferase

Comments: This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme F₄₂₀, a redox-active cofactor found in all methanogenic archaea, as well as some eubacteria.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Grochowski, L.L., Xu, H. and White, R.H. Identification and characterization of the 2-phospho-L-lactate guanylyltransferase involved in coenzyme F₄₂₀ biosynthesis. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 3033-3037. [PMID: 18260642]

EC 2.7.7.69

Accepted name: GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase

Reaction: GDP-L-galactose + phosphate = α-L-galactose 1-phosphate + GDP

Other name(s): VTC2; VTC5

Systematic name: GDP:α-L-galactose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase

Comments: The enzyme catalyses a reaction of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the major route to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Linster, C.L., Gomez, T.A., Christensen, K.C., Adler, L.N., Young, B.D., Brenner, C. and Clarke, S.G. Arabidopsis VTC2 encodes a GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, the last unknown enzyme in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway to ascorbic acid in plants. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 18879-18885. [PMID: 17462988]

2. Linster, C.L., Adler, L.N., Webb, K., Christensen, K.C., Brenner, C. and Clarke, S.G. A second GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase in arabidopsis en route to vitamin C. Covalent intermediate and substrate requirements for the conserved reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 18483-18492. [PMID: 18463094]

3. Dowdle, J., Ishikawa, T., Gatzek, S., Rolinski, S. and Smirnoff, N. Two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase are required for ascorbate biosynthesis and seedling viability. Plant J. 52 (2007) 673-689. [PMID: 17877701]

4. Muller-Moule, P. An expression analysis of the ascorbate biosynthesis enzyme VTC2. Plant Mol. Biol. 68 (2008) 31-41. [PMID: 18516687]

EC 2.7.7.70

Accepted name: D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase

Reaction: D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose + diphosphate

Other name(s): D-β-D-heptose 7-phosphate kinase/D-β-D-heptose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase; D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-1β-phosphate adenylyltransferase; hldE (gene name); rfaE (gene name)

Systematic name: ATP:D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase

Comments: The bifunctional protein hldE includes D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose-7-phosphate kinase and D-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity (cf. EC 2.7.1.167). The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose, which is utilized for assembly of the lipopolysaccharide inner core in Gram-negative bacteria.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Valvano, M.A., Marolda, C.L., Bittner, M., Glaskin-Clay, M., Simon, T.L. and Klena, J.D. The rfaE gene from Escherichia coli encodes a bifunctional protein involved in biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharide core precursor ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose. J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 488-497. [PMID: 10629197]

2. Kneidinger, B., Marolda, C., Graninger, M., Zamyatina, A., McArthur, F., Kosma, P., Valvano, M.A. and Messner, P. Biosynthesis pathway of ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 363-369. [PMID: 11751812]

3. Valvano, M.A., Messner, P. and Kosma, P. Novel pathways for biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated glycero-manno-heptose precursors of bacterial glycoproteins and cell surface polysaccharides. Microbiology 148 (2002) 1979-1989. [PMID: 12101286]

4. Wang, L., Huang, H., Nguyen, H.H., Allen, K.N., Mariano, P.S. and Dunaway-Mariano, D. Divergence of biochemical function in the HAD superfamily: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (GmhB). Biochemistry 49 (2010) 1072-1081. [PMID: 20050615]

EC 2.7.7.71

Accepted name: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase

Reaction: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + GTP = GDP-D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose + diphosphate

Other name(s): hddC (gene name); gmhD (gene name)

Systematic name: GTP:D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase

Comments: The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of GDP-D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose, which is required for assembly of S-layer glycoprotein in some Gram-positive bacteria.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Kneidinger, B., Graninger, M., Puchberger, M., Kosma, P. and Messner, P. Biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated D-glycero-D-manno-heptose. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 20935-20944. [PMID: 11279237]

EC 2.7.7.72

Accepted name: CCA tRNA nucleotidyltransferase

Reaction: (1) a tRNA precursor + 2 CTP + ATP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + 3 diphosphate (overall reaction)
(1a) a tRNA precursor + CTP = a tRNA with a 3' cytidine end + diphosphate
(1b) a tRNA with a 3' cytidine + CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CC end + diphosphate
(1c) a tRNA with a 3' CC end + ATP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + diphosphate

Other name(s): CCA-adding enzyme, tRNA adenylyltransferase, tRNA cytidylyltransferase, tRNA CCA-pyrophosphorylase; tRNA-nucleotidyltransferase; transfer-RNA nucleotidyltransferase; transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyl transferase; CTP(ATP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase; transfer ribonucleate adenylyltransferase; transfer ribonucleate adenyltransferase; transfer RNA adenylyltransferase; transfer ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase; ATP (CTP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase; ribonucleic cytidylic cytidylic adenylic pyrophosphorylase; transfer ribonucleic adenylyl (cytidylyl) transferase; transfer ribonucleic-terminal trinucleotide nucleotidyltransferase; transfer ribonucleate cytidylyltransferase; ribonucleic cytidylyltransferase; -C-C-A pyrophosphorylase; tRNA cytidylyltransferase; ATP(CTP)-tRNA nucleotidyltransferase; tRNA adenylyl(cytidylyl)transferase; CTP:tRNA cytidylyltransferase

Systematic name: CTP,CTP,ATP:tRNA cytidylyl,cytidylyl,adenylyltransferase

Comments: The acylation of all tRNAs with an amino acid occurs at the terminal ribose of a 3' CCA sequence. The CCA sequence is added to the tRNA precursor by stepwise nucleotide addition performed by a single enzyme that is ubiquitous in all living organisms. Although the enzyme has the option of releasing the product after each addition, it prefers to stay bound to the product and proceed with the next addition [5].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Schofield, P. and Williams, K.R. Purification and some properties of Escherichia coli tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 252 (1977) 5584-5588. [PMID: 328503]

2. Shi, P.Y., Maizels, N. and Weiner, A.M. CCA addition by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase: polymerization without translocation. EMBO J. 17 (1998) 3197-3206. [PMID: 9606201]

3. Augustin, M.A., Reichert, A.S., Betat, H., Huber, R., Morl, M. and Steegborn, C. Crystal structure of the human CCA-adding enzyme: insights into template-independent polymerization. J. Mol. Biol. 328 (2003) 985-994. [PMID: 12729736]

4. Yakunin, A.F., Proudfoot, M., Kuznetsova, E., Savchenko, A., Brown, G., Arrowsmith, C.H. and Edwards, A.M. The HD domain of the Escherichia coli tRNA nucleotidyltransferase has 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase, 2'-nucleotidase, and phosphatase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 36819-36827. [PMID: 15210699]

5. Hou, Y.M. CCA addition to tRNA: implications for tRNA quality control. IUBMB Life 62 (2010) 251-260. [PMID: 20101632]

EC 2.7.7.73

Accepted name: sulfur carrier protein ThiS adenylyltransferase

Reaction: ATP + [ThiS] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[ThiS]

Other name(s): thiF (gene name)

Systematic name: ATP:[ThiS] adenylyltransferase

Comments: Binds Zn²⁺. The enzyme catalyses the adenylation of ThiS, a sulfur carrier protein involved in the biosynthesis of thiamine. The enzyme shows significant structural similarity to ubiquitin-activating enzyme [3,4]. In Escherichia coli, but not in Bacillus subtilis, the enzyme forms a cross link from Cys-184 to the ThiS carboxy terminus (the position that is also thiolated) via an acyldisulfide [2].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Taylor, S.V., Kelleher, N.L., Kinsland, C., Chiu, H.J., Costello, C.A., Backstrom, A.D., McLafferty, F.W. and Begley, T.P. Thiamin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Identification of this thiocarboxylate as the immediate sulfur donor in the thiazole formation. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 16555-16560. [PMID: 9632726]

2. Xi, J., Ge, Y., Kinsland, C., McLafferty, F.W. and Begley, T.P. Biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli: identification of an acyldisulfide-linked protein^--protein conjugate that is functionally analogous to the ubiquitin/E1 complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 8513-8518. [PMID: 11438688]

3. Duda, D.M., Walden, H., Sfondouris, J. and Schulman, B.A. Structural analysis of Escherichia coli ThiF. J. Mol. Biol. 349 (2005) 774-786. [PMID: 15896804]

4. Lehmann, C., Begley, T.P. and Ealick, S.E. Structure of the Escherichia coli ThiS-ThiF complex, a key component of the sulfur transfer system in thiamin biosynthesis. Biochemistry 45 (2006) 11-19. [PMID: 16388576]

EC 2.7.7.74

Accepted name: 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase

Reaction: CTP + 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-1L-myo-inositol

For diagram of reaction click here.

Glossary: 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate

Other name(s): CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase (IPCT/DIPPS)); IPCT (bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase (IPCT/DIPPS)); L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase

Systematic name: CTP:1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase

Comments: In many organisms this activity is catalysed by a bifunctional enzyme. The cytidylyltransferase domain of the bifunctional EC 2.7.7.74/EC 2.7.8.34 (CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase) is absolutely specific for CTP and 1L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of bis(1L-myo-inositol) 1,3'-phosphate, a widespread organic solute in microorganisms adapted to hot environments.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Rodrigues, M.V., Borges, N., Henriques, M., Lamosa, P., Ventura, R., Fernandes, C., Empadinhas, N., Maycock, C., da Costa, M.S. and Santos, H. Bifunctional CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/CDP-inositol:inositol-1-phosphate transferase, the key enzyme for di-myo-inositol-phosphate synthesis in several (hyper)thermophiles. J. Bacteriol. 189 (2007) 5405-5412. [PMID: 17526717]

EC 2.7.7.75

Accepted name: molybdopterin adenylyltransferase

Reaction: ATP + molybdopterin = diphosphate + adenylyl-molybdopterin

For diagram of reaction click here.

Glossary: molybdopterin = H₂Dtpp-mP = ((5aR,8R,9aR)-2-amino-6,7-dimercapto-4-oxo-4,5,5a,8,9a,10-hexahydro-1H-pyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl)methyl dihydrogen phosphate = [(5aR,8R,9aR)-2-amino-4-oxo-6,7-disulfanyl-1,5,5a,8,9a,10-hexahydro-4H-pyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate

Other name(s): MogA; Cnx1 (ambiguous)

Systematic name: ATP:molybdopterin adenylyltransferase

Comments: Catalyses the activation of molybdopterin for molybdenum insertion. In eukaryotes, this reaction is catalysed by the C-terminal domain of a fusion protein that also includes molybdopterin molybdotransferase (EC 2.10.1.1). The reaction requires a divalent cation such as Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Nichols, J.D. and Rajagopalan, K.V. In vitro molybdenum ligation to molybdopterin using purified components. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 7817-7822. [PMID: 15632135]

2. Kuper, J., Palmer, T., Mendel, R.R. and Schwarz, G. Mutations in the molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic protein Cnx1G from Arabidopsis thaliana define functions for molybdopterin binding, molybdenum insertion, and molybdenum cofactor stabilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 6475-6480. [PMID: 10823911]

3. Llamas, A., Mendel, R.R. and Schwarz, G. Synthesis of adenylated molybdopterin: an essential step for molybdenum insertion. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 55241-55246. [PMID: 15504727]

EC 2.7.7.76

Accepted name: molybdenum cofactor cytidylyltransferase

Reaction: CTP + molybdenum cofactor = diphosphate + cytidylyl molybdenum cofactor

For diagram of reaction click here.

Glossary: molybdenum cofactor = MoCo = MoO₂(OH)Dtpp-mP = {[(5aR,8R,9aR)-2-amino-4-oxo-6,7-di(sulfanyl-kS)-1,5,5a,8,9a,10-hexahydro-4H-pyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methyl dihydrogenato(2^-) phosphate}(dioxo)molybdate

Other name(s): MocA, CTP:molybdopterin cytidylyltransferase, MoCo cytidylyltransferase, Mo-MPT cytidyltransferase

Systematic name: CTP:molybdenum cofactor cytidylyltransferase

Comments: Catalyses the cytidylation of the molybdenum cofactor. This modification occurs only in prokaryotes. Divalent cations such as Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺ are required for activity. ATP or GTP cannot replace CTP.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Neumann, M., Mittelstadt, G., Seduk, F., Iobbi-Nivol, C. and Leimkuhler, S. MocA is a specific cytidylyltransferase involved in molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 21891-21898. [PMID: 19542235]

2. Neumann, M., Seduk, F., Iobbi-Nivol, C. and Leimkuhler, S. Molybdopterin dinucleotide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: Identification of amino acid residues of molybdopterin dinucleotide transferases that determine specificity for binding of guanine or cytosine nucleotides. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 1400-1408. [PMID: 21081498]

EC 2.7.7.77

Accepted name: molybdenum cofactor guanylyltransferase

Reaction: GTP + molybdenum cofactor = diphosphate + guanylyl molybdenum cofactor

For diagram of reaction click here.

Glossary: molybdenum cofactor = MoCo = MoO₂(OH)Dtpp-mP = {[(5aR,8R,9aR)-2-amino-4-oxo-6,7-di(sulfanyl-κS)-1,5,5a,8,9a,10-hexahydro-4H-pyrano[3,2-g]pteridin-8-yl]methyl dihydrogenato(2–) phosphate}(dioxo)molybdate

Other name(s): MobA (gene name); MoCo guanylyltransferase

Systematic name: GTP:molybdenum cofactor guanylyltransferase

Comments: Catalyses the guanylation of the molybdenum cofactor. This modification occurs only in prokaryotes.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Lake, M.W., Temple, C.A., Rajagopalan, K.V. and Schindelin, H. The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli MobA protein provides insight into molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 40211-40217. [PMID: 10978347]

2. Temple, C.A. and Rajagopalan, K.V. Mechanism of assembly of the bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)molybdenum cofactor in Rhodobacter sphaeroides dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 40202-40210. [PMID: 10978348]

3. Guse, A., Stevenson, C.E., Kuper, J., Buchanan, G., Schwarz, G., Giordano, G., Magalon, A., Mendel, R.R., Lawson, D.M. and Palmer, T. Biochemical and structural analysis of the molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein MobA. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 25302-25307. [PMID: 12719427]

EC 2.7.7.78

Accepted name: GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase

Reaction: GDP-α-D-glucose + phosphate = α-D-glucose 1-phosphate + GDP

Systematic name: GDP:α-D-glucose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase

Comments: The enzyme may be involved in prevention of misincorporation of glucose in place of mannose residues into glycoconjugates i.e. to remove accidentally produced GDP-α-D-glucose. Activities with GDP-L-galactose, GDP-D-mannose and UDP-D-glucose are all less than 3% that with GDP-D-glucose.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Adler, L.N., Gomez, T.A., Clarke, S.G. and Linster, C.L. A novel GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase involved in quality control of the nucleoside diphosphate sugar pool in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 21511-21523. [PMID: 21507950]

EC 2.7.7.79

Accepted name: tRNA^His guanylyltransferase

Reaction: p-tRNA^His + ATP + GTP = pppGp-tRNA^His + AMP + diphosphate (overall reaction)
(1a) p-tRNA^His + ATP = App-tRNA^His + diphosphate
(1b) App-tRNA^His + GTP = pppGp-tRNA^His + AMP

Other name(s): histidine tRNA guanylyltransferase; Thg1p (ambiguous); Thg1 (ambiguous)

Systematic name: p-tRNA^His:GTP guanylyltransferase (ATP-hydrolysing)

Comments: In eukarya an additional guanosine residue is added post-transcriptionally to the 5'-end of tRNA^His molecules. The addition occurs opposite a universally conserved adenosine⁷³ and is thus the result of a non-templated 3'-5' addition reaction. The additional guanosine residue is an important determinant for aminoacylation by EC 6.1.1.21, histidyl-tRNA ligase. The enzyme requires a divalent cation for activity [2]. ATP activation is not required when the substrate contains a 5'-triphosphate (ppp-tRNA^His) [3].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Jahn, D. and Pande, S. Histidine tRNA guanylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Catalytic mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 22832-22836. [PMID: 1660462]

2. Pande, S., Jahn, D. and Soll, D. Histidine tRNA guanylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Purification and physical properties. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 22826-22831. [PMID: 1660461]

3. Gu, W., Jackman, J.E., Lohan, A.J., Gray, M.W. and Phizicky, E.M. tRNA^His maturation: an essential yeast protein catalyzes addition of a guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of tRNA^His. Genes Dev. 17 (2003) 2889-2901. [PMID: 14633974]

4. Placido, A., Sieber, F., Gobert, A., Gallerani, R., Giege, P. and Marechal-Drouard, L. Plant mitochondria use two pathways for the biogenesis of tRNA^His. Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (2010) 7711-7717. [PMID: 20660484]

5. Jackman, J.E. and Phizicky, E.M. Identification of critical residues for G-1 addition and substrate recognition by tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 4817-4825. [PMID: 18366186]

6. Hyde, S.J., Eckenroth, B.E., Smith, B.A., Eberley, W.A., Heintz, N.H., Jackman, J.E. and Doublie, S. tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase (THG1), a unique 3'-5' nucleotidyl transferase, shares unexpected structural homology with canonical 5'-3' DNA polymerases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107 (2010) 20305-20310. [PMID: 21059936]

EC 2.7.7.80

Accepted name: molybdopterin-synthase adenylyltransferase

Reaction: ATP + [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly = diphosphate + [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly-AMP

For diagram of reaction click here.

Glossary: small subunit of the molybdopterin synthase = molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein = MoaD

Other name(s): MoeB; adenylyltransferase and sulfurtransferase MOCS3

Systematic name: ATP:molybdopterin-synthase adenylyltransferase

Comments: Adenylates the C-terminus of the small subunit of the molybdopterin synthase. This activation is required to form the thiocarboxylated C-terminus of the active molybdopterin synthase small subunit. The reaction occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In the human, the reaction is catalysed by the N-terminal domain of the protein MOCS3, which also includes a molybdopterin-synthase sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.11) C-terminal domain.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Leimkuhler, S., Wuebbens, M.M. and Rajagopalan, K.V. Characterization of Escherichia coli MoeB and its involvement in the activation of molybdopterin synthase for the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 34695-34701. [PMID: 11463785]

2. Matthies, A., Nimtz, M. and Leimkuhler, S. Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in humans: identification of a persulfide group in the rhodanese-like domain of MOCS3 by mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 7912-7920. [PMID: 15910006]

EC 2.7.7.81

Accepted name: pseudaminic acid cytidylyltransferase

Reaction: CTP + 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-α-L-manno-2-nonulopyranosonic acid = diphosphate + CMP-5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-α-L-manno-2-nonulopyranosonic acid

Glossary: CTP:5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-α-L-manno-nonulosonic acid cytidylyltransferase

Other name(s): PseF

Systematic name: CTP:5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-α-L-manno-nonulosonic acid cytidylyltransferase

Comments: Mg²⁺ is required for activity.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Schoenhofen, I.C., McNally, D.J., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. Elucidation of the CMP-pseudaminic acid pathway in Helicobacter pylori: synthesis from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by a single enzymatic reaction. Glycobiology 16 (2006) 8C. [PMID: 16751642]

EC 2.7.7.82

Accepted name: CMP-N,N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthase

Reaction: CTP + N,N'-diacetyllegionaminate = CMP-N,N'-diacetyllegionaminate + diphosphate

For diagram of reaction click here.

Glossary: legionaminate = 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonate

Other name(s): CMP-N,N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthetase; neuA (gene name); legF (gene name)

Systematic name: CTP:N,N'-diacetyllegionaminate cytidylyltransferase

Comments: Isolated from the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter jejuni. Involved in biosynthesis of legionaminic acid, a sialic acid-like derivative that is incorporated into virulence-associated cell surface glycoconjugates which may include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsular polysaccharide, pili and flagella.

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Glaze, P.A., Watson, D.C., Young, N.M. and Tanner, M.E. Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N'-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine in Legionella pneumophila. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 3272-3282. [PMID: 18275154]

2. Schoenhofen, I.C., Vinogradov, E., Whitfield, D.M., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. The CMP-legionaminic acid pathway in Campylobacter: biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors. Glycobiology 19 (2009) 715-725. [PMID: 19282391]

EC 2.7.7.83

Accepted name: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine diphosphorylase

Reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine

Systematic name: UTP:N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase

Comments: The enzyme from plants and animals also has activity toward N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate (cf. EC 2.7.7.23, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase) [1,2].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Wang-Gillam, A., Pastuszak, I. and Elbein, A.D. A 17-amino acid insert changes UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase specificity from UDP-GalNAc to UDP-GlcNAc. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 27055-27057. [PMID: 9765219]

2. Peneff, C., Ferrari, P., Charrier, V., Taburet, Y., Monnier, C., Zamboni, V., Winter, J., Harnois, M., Fassy, F. and Bourne, Y. Crystal structures of two human pyrophosphorylase isoforms in complexes with UDPGlc(Gal)NAc: role of the alternatively spliced insert in the enzyme oligomeric assembly and active site architecture. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 6191-6202. [PMID: 11707391]

EC 2.7.7.84

Accepted name: 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthase

Reaction: 3 ATP = pppA2'p5’A2'p5’A + 2 diphosphate

Glossary: pppA2'p5’A2'p5’A = 5'-triphosphoadenylyl-(2'→5')-adenylyl-(2'→5')-adenosine

Other name(s): OAS

Systematic name: ATP:ATP adenylyltransferase (2'-5' linkages-forming)

Comments: The enzyme is activated by binding to double-stranded RNA. The resulting product binds to and activates RNase L, which subsequently degrades the RNA. Oligoadenylates of chain lengths 2, 4 and 5 are also produced. The dimer does not have any known biological activity [2].

Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:

References:

1. Kerr, I.M. and Brown, R.E. pppA2'p5’A2'p5’A: an inhibitor of protein synthesis synthesized with an enzyme fraction from interferon-treated cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 256-260. [PMID: 272640]

2. Martin, E.M., Birdsall, N.J., Brown, R.E. and Kerr, I.M. Enzymic synthesis, characterisation and nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra of pppA2'p5’A2'p5’A and related oligonucleotides: comparison with chemically synthesised material. Eur. J. Biochem. 95 (1979) 295-307. [PMID: 456356]

3. Hartmann, R., Justesen, J., Sarkar, S.N., Sen, G.C. and Yee, V.C. Crystal structure of the 2'-specific and double-stranded RNA-activated interferon-induced antiviral protein 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase. Mol. Cell 12 (2003) 1173-1185. [PMID: 14636576]

4. Hovanessian, A.G. and Justesen, J. The human 2'-5'oligoadenylate synthetase family: unique interferon-inducible enzymes catalyzing 2'-5' instead of 3'-5' phosphodiester bond formation. Biochimie 89 (2007) 779-788. [PMID: 17408844]